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Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2010
|
tom 66
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nr 12
s.827-832,rys.,bibliogr.
Regulatory T cells are heterogeneous with sub-populations which differ from each other in their phenotype, immune inhibitory mechanisms and function. These cells are responsible for the regulation of the immune response and play a leading role in developing immune tolerance through active suppression. Suggested functions for regulatory T cells include: prevention of autoimmune diseases by maintaining self-tolerance, oral tolerance, and, moreover, suppression of allergy and pathogen-induced immunopathology.There are two general types of the regulatory lymphocytes: natural cells, which develop in the thymus, and induced cells, which are derived from naive lymphocytes in the periphery. These cells consist of heterogeneous subsets that include CD4⁺ cells, CD8⁺ cells, γδ⁺ T cells and NK cells. The first two types of cells can be subdivided into several phenotypic groups. The present review will characterize the human and murine CD4⁺ regulatory cells, i.e., natural (nTreg) and induced (iTreg) CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells and TGF-β secreting Th3 cells. This paper focuses mainly on aspects concerning the phenotypic markers, development and functional activities of these cells, as well as their immune inhibitory mechanisms.
One characteristic of the most common types of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which has a damaging effect on optic nerve axons, leading to progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, ocular hypotensive drugs are the mainstay of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma. This review article, which is the first part of a two-part series, is dedicated to autonomic drugs which lower IOP by increasing the outflow of aqueous humour. These agents are subdivided into two groups: (a) drugs that lower IOP by increasing the trabecular outflow and the uveoscleral outflow (i.e. nonselective adrenergic agonists), and (b) medications that lower IOP by opening of the drainage angle and by increasing the conventional outflow via the trabecular outflow (i.e. parasympathomimetics). This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of action of these drugs and their effect on IOP in dogs and cats. Moreover, it discusses possible undesirable side effects of these medications and presents the current ideas about their role and position in the medical management of glaucoma in small animals.
One characteristic of the most common types of glaucoma is increased intraocular pressure (IOP), which has a damaging effect on optic nerve axons, leading to progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. Therefore, ocular hypotensive drugs are the mainstay of pharmacological therapy for glaucoma. This review article, which is the second part of a two-part series, is dedicated to autonomic drugs which lower IOP by decreasing the aqueous humour production. These agents are subdivided into two groups: β-adrenergic antagonists and selective α2-adrenergic agonists. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge on the mechanism of action of these drugs and their effect on IOP in dogs and cats. Moreover, it discusses their possible undesirable side effects of these medications and presents the current ideas about their role and position in the medical management of glaucoma in small animals.
Regulatory T cells are heterogeneous with sub-populations which differ from each other in their phenotype, immune inhibitory mechanisms and functioning. These cells are responsible for regulation of immune response and play a leading role in developing immune tolerance through active suppression. Suggested functions for regulatory T cells include: prevention of autoimmune diseases by maintaining self-tolerance, oral tolerance and, moreover, suppression of allergy and pathogen-induced immunopathology. CD4⁺ regulatory cells, such as Treg, Tr1 and Th3, are the most comprehensively studied and characterized regulatory lymphocytes; however, in recent years substantial progress has been made in the phenotypic and functional characterization of CD8⁺ regulatory cells. These cells can be divided into two general groups: natural and induced lymphocytes. Natural regulatory cells develop in the thymus, constitute a stable lineage, while their induced counterparts are generated under experimental conditions and may or may not have stable phenotypes. Both types of these cells can be subdivided into several phenotypic groups. The author reviews the current state of knowledge concerning the best-characterized human and murine CD8⁺ regulatory lymphocytes, i.e., CD8⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺, CD8⁺ Foxp3⁺, CD8⁺ CD122+ and CD8⁺ CD28⁻ cells. This paper focuses on aspects concerning the phenotype and phenotypic markers of these cells, as well as their immune inhibitory mechanisms.
Recently, we found that dexamethasone caused a depletion of CD25⁻ CD4⁺ T cells, but it increased the number of CD25highCD4⁺ and CD25lowCD4⁺ T cells. We also determined meloxicam-induced increase in the number of CD25highCD4⁺ T cells. In view of this, and taking into consideration the latest reports indicating that meloxicam shows an anti-proliferative effect on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, it was considered purposeful to determine the effect of both drugs on proliferation of bovine CD25highCD4⁺, CD25lowCD4⁺ and CD25⁻ CD4⁺ T cells. Flow cytometry analysis and 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine incorporation assay were applied to detect the cell proliferation. It was demonstrated that dexamethasone, but not meloxicam, significantly reduced cell proliferation within all three evaluated CD4⁺ T cell subpopulations. Thus, the depletion of CD25⁻ CD4⁺ T cells by treatment with dexamethasone can partly be the effect of the anti-proliferative action of the drug, however, dexamethasone-induced increase in the number of CD25highCD4⁺ and CD25lowCD4⁺ T cells cannot be the result of enhanced proliferation of these cells.
Quinolone-induced arthropathy has been observed after a single very large dose, or after several moderately large doses in juvenile animals of multiple species. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether long-term treatment with therapeutic doses of enrofloxacin has a detrimental effect on chicken articular cartilage. 21-day-old broiler chickens were treated orally with 10 mg/kg/day of enrofloxacin for 10, 20 and 35 days. 24 hours after the last dose, the animals were killed and the femoral head with condyles and tibial condyles were subjected to a gross and histopathological investigation. The necropsy did not reveal macroscopic visible pathological changes in the articular cartilage surface, as well as in soft tissues surrounding joints in any of the animals from this study. Also, light microscopy evaluation did not show significant histopathological changes in any of the specimens from either experimental and control animals. In conclusion, our results indicate that treatment with a therapeutic dose of enrofloxacin for a period exceeding the recommended duration of therapy does not cause arthropathy in growing chickens. Moreover, the results obtained seem to indicate that chondrotoxicity of quinolones does not have a cumulative nature.
The aim of the study was to determine whether treatment with recommended doses of meloxicam or flunixin had an effect on the apoptosis of peripheral blood T lymphocytes in calves. The study was carried out on 4-5 months old calves (n = 24, 8 per group). Experimental animals were injected subcutaneously with a single dose of 0.5 mg . kg-1 of meloxicam or intravenously with 3 doses of 2.2 mg . kg-1 day-1 of flunixin. The non-treatment animals served as control. Blood samples were taken at day 0 and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 after the first NSAIDs injection. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-PE/7-AAD staining. The kinetic analysis of apoptosis in the total lymphocyte population, as well as in the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets did not reveal significant differences in the frequency of early apoptotic cells between control and experimental groups throughout the period studied. Although, 24 h after administration of the first dose of NSAIDs, late-stage apoptosis/necrosis was significantly increased in the total lymphocyte population (the meloxicam group), as well as in the CD4+ (the meloxicam group and the flunixin group) and CD8+ (the flunixin group) subsets of T cells. However, this disturbance was transient, relatively poorly expressed and, thus, unlikely to be of clinical significance. Our results indicate that the use of meloxicam or flunixin in accordance with the recommended dosage regimen in cattle do not have a clinically significant influence on apoptosis of peripheral blood T cells.
The present study describes the distribution of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells in various immune compartments of mice with ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma. It was found that the absolute number of DP T cells was considerably increased in the mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs of asthmatic mice as compared with that determined in the healthy subjects. On the contrary, the absolute counts of DP T cells was significantly decreased in the head and neck lymph nodes, and in peripheral blood of OVA-immunized mice. These results suggest that DP T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
Although prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is a pro-inflammatory mediator, it also produces some effect which is anti-inflammatory in character. It is suggested that one of the mechanisms responsible for the latter effect is the increased synthesis of IL-10. The aim of this study has been to determine the influence of PGE₂ on IL-10 production by bovine CD⁴⁺ and CD⁸⁺ T cells and NK cells. With this aim, peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 12-month-old heifers (n = 10) were treated without or with PGE₂ (10⁻⁶ M). Flow cytometric analysis showed that PGE₂ caused a reduction in the percentage of IL-10 producing CD⁴⁺ T cells (P < 0.001), while leaving the secretion of this cytokine by CD⁸⁺ T cells and NK cells unaffected. This seems to indicate that PGE₂ in cattle does not produce an anti-inflammatory effect by increasing the synthesis of IL-10; contrary to this, it may aggravate an inflammatory response by inhibiting the secretion of this cytokine by CD⁴⁺ T cells.
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