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A total of 123 Trichoderma strains were isolated from different habitats and tested for their ability to degrade cellulose and xylan by simple plate screening method. Among strains, more than 34 and 45% respectively, exhibited higher cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity, compared to the reference strain T. reesei QM 9414. For strains efficiently degrading cellulose, a highest enzyme activity was confirmed using filter paper test, and it resulted in a range from 1.01 to 7.15 FPU/ml. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, the isolates were identified as Trichoderma. The most frequently identified strains belonged to Trichoderma harzianum species. Among all strains, the most effective in degradation of cellulose and xylose was T. harzianum and T. virens, especially those isolated from forest wood, forest soil or garden and mushroom compost. The results of this work confirmed that numerous strains from the Trichoderma species have high cellulose and xylan degradation potential and could be useful for lignocellulose biomass conversion e.g. for biofuel production.
Obecność biosurfaktantów pochodzenia mikrobiologicznego zmniejsza toksyczność chlorofenoli względem komórek Pseudomonas putida 2A. Micele powstałe z ramnolipidów wybiórczo zamykały chlorofenole i czyniły je mniej dostępnymi dla mikroorganizmów, co powodowało spadek toksyczności chlorofenoli względem komórek bakteryjnych. Zaobserwowano wzrost efektywnego stężenia ksenobiotyków powodującego 50-procentową inhibicję wzrostu mikroorganizmów (o 0,5, 0,35 oraz 0,15 mmol odpowiednio dla fenolu, 4-chlorofenolu i 2,4-dichlorofenolu). Zastosowanie surfaktantów jako środków chroniących mikroorganizmy otwiera nowe możliwości wykorzystania tego zjawiska w technikach bioremediacyjnych.
This study focused on assessing the phytoremediation potential of wetland plants toward atrazine in an aquatic environment. Changes in plant biomass and atrazine content were investigated for three plant species: sweet flag, broadleaf cattail, and narrow-leaf cattail. Atrazine removal and shifts in plant biomass were assessed. Two mathematical models were built to describe atrazine toxicity toward the studied plant species and fate of atrazine during long-term phytoremediation. Sweet flag exhibited the highest tolerance toward atrazine as well as the most efficient atrazine removal rate. The average atrazine half-life was significantly reduced from about 400 days to 5 days. The highest studied initial concentration of atrazine (20 mg/l) was reduced by more than 99% after 40 days.
Experiments focused on evaluating the ability of three aquatic plant species (sweet flag, common reed, and broadleaf cattail) to decontaminate industrial wastewater effluents from a nitroglycerin and nitroglycol production factory were carried out in the framework of this study. Toxicity of a nitrate-rich wastewater toward the studied plant species was determined by measurement of plant biomass gain, and subsequent mathematical modeling allowed for assessment of IC50 values. The studied plant species were cultivated in hydroponic cultures containing 1,500 mg/l of nitrates, 2.4 mg/l of nitroglycerin, and 1.0 mg/l of nitroglycol for 21 days, during which the decontamination efficiency of each nitrogen-based compound was analyzed. It was observed that the application of sweet flag and common reed contributed to a high nitrate removal efficiency (82 and 79%, accordingly). Sweet flag also was most efficient for decontamination of nitroglycerin (87%) and nitroglycol (42%), but the removal of the former compound was preferential.
The aim of the presented work was the functional comparison of conventional 21-day-old and modified 6-day-old Caco-2 cell cultures for their application in studies on the bacterial adhesion and transepithelial transport. In the short-term culture system, the cells were grown on polycarbonate filters in serum reduced medium supplemented with a combination of growth factors. Morphological comparison of two Caco-2 monolayers showed that the short-term culture had the similar ultrastructural characteristics of the long-term well-developed culture. The transepithelial electrical resistance measurement confirmed the high Caco-2 monolayer integrity in both cell culture systems. As a result, the modified 6-day-old Caco-2 culture could be applied in permeability and adhesion investigations. In the transport study, atrazine was used as a model molecule. The transport of atrazine was symmetric between the apical to basolateral and the basolateral to apical directions and independent of its concentration. No significant difference was found in atrazine permeability through conventional and modified Caco-2 cultures. In order to investigate the role of Caco-2 culture protocol might play in the adhesion of probiotic bacteria, three lactobacilli strains were used. The effect of Caco-2 culture modification on adhesion capacity of all tested bacteria was not observed. The proposed system of Caco-2 cell culture can be a considerable alternative to the conventional 21-day system.
The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Triton X-100 on the biodegradation efficiency of hexadecane and phenanthrene carried out by two bacterial consortia. It was established that the tested consortia were not able to directly uptake compounds closed in micelles. It was observed that in micellar systems the nonionic synthetic surfactant was preferentially degraded (the degradation efficiency of Triton X-100 after 21 days was 70% of the initial concentration - 500 mg/l), followed by a lesser decomposition of hydrocarbon released from the micelles (30% for hexadecane and 20% for phenanthrene). However, when hydrocarbons were used as the sole carbon source, 70% of hexadecane and 30% of phenanthrene were degraded. The degradation of the surfactant did not contribute to notable shifts in bacterial community dynamics, as determined by Real-Time PCR. The obtained results suggest that if surfactant-supplementation is to be used as an integral part of a bioremediation process, then possible bioavailability decrease due to entrapment of the contaminant into surfactant micelles should also be taken into consideration, as this phenomenon may have a negative impact on the biodegradation efficiency. Surfactant-induced mobilization of otherwise recalcitrant hydrocarbons may contribute to the spreading of contaminants in the environment and prevent their biodegradation.
Salvia milthiorrhiza root (Danshen) is one of the oldest and most traditional drug of Chinese origin, mainly used in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The tanshiniones (diterpenoids) and phenolic acids are the main biological active substances of S. miltiorrhiza. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for callus cultures and biosynthesis of the biological active compounds. The callus cultures (on solid medium, CC A in shake flask and CC A in bioreactor) were obtained and phytochemical studies on them were carried out. Total amount of phenolic acids determined in callus (solid medium) averaged from 2.58% to 5.72% of dry weight (DW). The callus cultured on solid medium and CC A (in flasks) did not produce tanshiniones. Culture conditions in the bioreactor enabled the biosynthesis of tanshiniones (0.27% of dihydrotanshinione, 0.12% of cryptotanshinone, 0.01% of tanshinione 2A and tanshinione 1). The obtained contents of rosmarinic acid in callus on solid medium and CC A (cultured in shake flasks) are relatively high and comparable to raw material. The callus cultured in bioreactor is eligible for tanshinione production, moreover the accumulation of them is comparable with the intact plants.
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