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Adult specimens of four hymenolepidid species with aquatic life cycle: Microsomacanthus paracompressa (Czapliński, 1956) Spasskaya et Spasskii, 1961, Diorchis parvogenitalis (Skryabin et Matevosyan, 1945), Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) and Fimbriaria czaplinskii Grytner-Zięcina, 1994 were used to study and compare uterus-egg interrelation at the ultrastructural level (TEM and SEM). Results of the presented studies showed that in none of the species examined was the uterus merely a simple sac filled with eggs. At the final stage of development of infective eggs which was available for analysis, several tapeworms displayed significant differences in: (1) general architecture of uterus, (2) the ultrastructure of the uterine wall at the lumenal side, (3) the extent of connections between the uterine wall and the eggs, and (4) the ultrastructure of the outermost envelope surrounding the oncospheres. Details of ultrastructure of uterus-egg interrelations are presented and discussed.
The envelopes of oncospheres of a hymenolepidid tapeworm with an aquatic life cycle Fimbriaria czaplinskii, surrounding larvae inside the gravid part of the strobila, were examined under a transmission electron microscope. Details of the ultrastructure of the outer envelope and the inner envelope with its two derivatives: the embryophore and oncospheral membrane are described. The ultrastructural features of F. czaplinskii envelopes are compared and discussed with those described previously in the other hymenolepidids, and particularly with the related species Fimbriaria fasciolaris.
The aim of the present study was to describe ind compare the ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes in closely related species within the same genus, Diorchis. The envelopes of the following species were examined: Diorchis brevis, D. ovofurcata, D. inflata and D. elisae (filiform, infective eggs), and D. parvogenitalis and D. stefanski (oval shaped eggs). Two categories of oncospheral envelopes are distinguished: the primary cytoplasmic and secondary non-cytoplasmic envelopes. All diorchids examined, in distinction to other hymenolepidids, show at the end of the oncospheral differentiation: (1) a much thicker, clearly striated oncospheral membrane; (2) a three-layered embryophore; (3) the presence of an additional zone of electron-dense aggregates resembling a honeycomb; and (4) an asynchronous differentiation of the derivatives of the inner envelopes. Some ultrastructural differences in oncospheral envelopes of diorchids with oval shaped and filiform oncospheres are described and their significance is discussed.
Most of the previous studies on the functional ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes in cestodes are restricted to hymenolepidids with terrestrial life cycles, mainly parasites of mammals. The purpose of the present study is to describe and compare origin, differentiation and functional ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes of 12 cestode species with aquatic life cycles examined by means of transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Results of our comparative electron microscopical studies revealed that despite the general similarities in the ultrastructure of the primary envelopes surrounding developing embryos, there exist important differences both in the type of morphogenesis and in the final form and arrangement of the secondary envelopes between the 12 examined hymenolepidids. In all examined species, the embryophore develops within the syncytial layer of the primary inner envelope and is transformed into a heterogeneous structure in the final phase of infective egg formation. Some ultrastructural features of oncospheral envelopes are very characteristic for the cestode species examined, and may indeed represent a new useful criterion for differential diagnosis. Our data on ultramorphology of the envelopes and their connections with the uterine wall may also be useful for better understanding of the developmental physiology and biology of the oncospheral stage of hymenolepidids with aquatic life cycles. The comparative analysis allows determination of some ultrastructural features that adapt oncospheres to the behavior and habitat of their intermediate hosts. Interrelations among the ultrastructure of the oncospheral envelopes, habitat of crustacean intermediate hosts, and cestode life cycles are drawn and discussed.
The gravid proglottids of Taenia saginata from human infection before and after treatment of patient with niclosamide (Yomesan) were used for studies on oncosphere envelope ultrastructure. The envelopes examined were intact after drug treatment. The samples from niclosamide-treated and untreated patients were similar with respect to number and kinds of the protective structures surrounding the oncospheres inside gravid proglottids. Their morphology was generally similar to this described earlier for other taeniid species. Details of the ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes from niclosamide-treated patients are presented in the paper. Contamination of the environment with eggs from treated patients, particularly in poor sanitary conditions, is discussed.
The vitellogenesis in Catenotaenia pusilla was examined by means of electron microscopy. Mature vitelline follicles consist of cells in various stages of development, progressing from immature cells of gonial type near the periphery to mature vitellocytes towards the centre. Maturation is characterised by: (1) increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large parallel cisternae of GER, the vitelline material producing units; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in vitelline material package; (4) continuous fusion of small vesicles into larger vitelline vesicles and fusion of these into 3 very large vesicles, which are characteristic for mature vitellocytes of this tapeworm. Vitellogenesis in C. pusilla is compared with that in other cestodes. Some conclusions concerning the interrelationship between the vitellogenesis pattern and the type of embryogenesis are drawn and discussed.
Strobilae of three hymenolepidid tapeworm species: Diorchis elisae, Fimbriaria fasciolaris and Sobolevicanthus gracilis, obtained from experimentally infected domestic ducks, were incubated for 5,10 and 15 min at a temperature of 38°C, with horseradish peroxidase applied as a tracer by which to research macromolecular transport across the tegument. Through the use of an electron microscope, it was indicated that the marked protein was bound at the surface of the microtriches with the co-participation of glycoproteins of the plasma membrane. It was also shown that the protein molecules gathered at the base of the microtriches were transported in vesicular form inside the syncytial layer and perikaryon part of the tegumental cytoplasm. Molecules of horseradish peroxidase liberated from the vesicles were observed in the excretory system of the tapeworms. In spite of interspecific differences in the structure of the tegument, the tracer protein transmission observed in this research was found to proceed in a similar manner in all the hymenolepidids studied.
Studies of the ultrastructure of oncospheral envelopes and their differentiation in the hymenolepidid cestode Dicranotaenia coronula in utero revealed four main envelopes: (1) capsule, (2) outer envelope, (3) inner envelope with a thin, electron-dense embryophore, and (4) oncospheral membrane. An additional hemispherical calotte, the hook region membrane covers one pole of the oncosphere and is attached to its surface. Both the outer and inner envelope represent syncytial layers which contain large, flattened nuclei of blastomeres which participated in their formation: nuclei of macromeres in the outer, and nuclei of mesomeres in the inner envelope. The granular cytoplasm of the both envelopes contains a large amount of free ribosomes, numerous mitochondria and several lipid droplets. The primary inner envelope of the early embryo forms in the later stage of embryogenesis its two derivatives: the embryophore and the oncospheral membrane. The hook region membrane oryginates from a syncytial binucleate complex by delamination of its cytoplasmic plate. Both the ultrastructural features of oncospheral envelopes and mode of their differentiation are compared with those described previously in the other hymenolepidids with aquatic and terrestrial life cycles. The ultrastructure of the oncospheral envelopes in D. coronula is discussed in relation to its life cycle and to environmental conditions in which the infective eggs remain for a certain period of time, until eaten by benthal ostracods, the intermediate hosts of D. coronula.
Research resulting in the description of six new species representing the genus Fimbriaria has thus revealed that the former Fimbriaria fasciolaris (Pallas, 1781) was in fact a group of species. In the light of this, the long list of final and intermediate hosts for this species may in fact result from earlier errors in identification. Proper diagnosis of Fimbriaria to the level of the species should be based on penetrating morphological studies of adult forms which would take account of: the structure of the oncospheral envelope, the number of genital primordia per segment of the strobila, the number of spines at the cirrus base and the length of the cirrus pouch. Proper diagnosis of species at the larval stage is practically impossible in natural infections because of the great similarity between the larvae of different species. The present state of knowledge of the genus Fimbriaria calls for a revision review of the broad specificity of the whole group in relation to both final and intermediate hosts.
Knowledge to date on the morphology of Fimbriaria tapeworms is summarised, with features of the genus being verified and augmented by some not previously taken account of, like the ultrastructure of the tegument. The most important features in accurate identification to the level of the species are the structure of the oncospheral envelope and the manner in which eggs are released from the uterus. Other features of diagnostic importance are the number of primordia of reproductive organs, the number of hooks at the cirrus base and the dimensions of the cirrus and cirrus pouches. A key to the identification of species is provided.
Another hymenolepidid species, Diploposthe laevis (Bloch, 1782) Jacobi, 1897, developing in hosts in an aquatic environment was used to examine oncospheral envelope differentiation and uterus-egg interrelations at the ultrastructural level (SEM and TEM). Inside of the distal proglottids of two D. laevis specimens, the only gravid specimens from among 20 cestodes found, the uterus took the form of wide tubes whose folded walls created chambers in which oncospheres were present within their envelopes. The lumenal surface of the uterus was covered with numerous projections that linked to individual oncospheres forming the uterus-egg interface. Marked differences in the sizes of different oncospheres were visible. Finally, five layers around each Diploposthe laevis oncosphere were revealed: (1) the outer envelope, (2) the distal cytoplasmic portion of the inner envelope, (3) the non-cytoplasmic embryophore, (4) the proximal portion of the inner envelope and (5) the non-cytoplasmic oncospheral membrane. Striking features visible up to the end of the uterine period of formation of D. laevis infective egg were: (1) presence of well-developed outermost envelope, highly folded, rich in cytoplasmic structures, probably complex in origin, and (2) relatively weak development of the embryophore that was one-layered, moderate electrondense, with the granular material never forming a very compact envelope.
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