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The year 2010 marks the 100th anniversary of Robert Koch’s death. His name is well known as one of the founders of modern microbiology, the discoverer of the etiologic agents of anthrax, tuberculosis, cholera and wound infection. What is equally important, he developed the methodologies and concepts that made microbiology a scientific discipline. He is best known for having developed the rules, or postulates, that determine the specific agent of an infectious disease. Koch’s postulates were a landmark in medical microbiology because they could be used to prove beyond any doubt that specific bacteria were the cause of an infectious disease. However, significant limitations to the postulates were soon recognized and restricted their wider scientific application. Now, over a century later, a more rigorous method to test causability still has to be developed. Technological advances led to the discovery of viruses, prions and new classes of bacteria that cannot fulfill Koch’s postulates. Advances in molecular microbiology have demonstrated that virtually all microorganisms can be considered opportunistic. They constantly turn their virulence genes on and off in a context-dependent manner to acquire unique phenotypes. They have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense changes in the environment and respond accordingly when their survival is threatened. Local environmental cues are gathered by bacteria at the membrane level and transmitted do deeper circuits within their cytoplasm, where they are processed by another sensing system, known as the quorum sensing signaling system. As a result of the processing of environmental information, the bacteria shift their phenotype to adjust better to the local conditions, resulting in either pathogenic or non-pathogenic behavior. Infectious pathogenesis is dictated by the chemical crosstalk between the complex network of bacteria- -bacteria, host-bacteria, and host-host. The ability of bacteria to intercommunicate and process information about resource availability and the health status of the host has led to the concept of bacteria behaving like a social group. The study of social networks developed among bacteria in their natural habitats is called sociomicrobiology.
Lawsonia intracellularis, a Gram-negative, curved rod was identified as the causative agent of porcine proliferative enteritis (PPE) in the 1990's. The bacterium is an obligate intracellular parasite, and thus cannot be multiplied in-vitro on standard media. Nowadays, two types of the disease have been distinguished: acute and chronic. Pigs with PPE usually demonstrate clinical signs two weeks after a period of stress caused by transportation, heat, overcrowding or weaning piglets from sows. The infected animals suffer from diarrhea and indicate reduced growth rate and weight gain. In some cases the disease leads to death. PPE is difficult to diagnose as both its clinical signs and the pathological changes it causes are unspecific. The pathogen is identified in laboratory conditions by the use of PCR, and IFAT is applied to track specific antibodies. Tiamulin and tylozyne are the most popular drugs used to prevent PPE.
The study has provided data on two Lactobacillus salivarius strains of poultry origin. The strains were investigated for the presence of genes encoding a bacteriocin: salivaricin B, and their localisation in chromosome or plasmid DNA. Specific primers were used to amplify a 224 bp fragment of salivaricin B gene (salB). RFLP analysis of PCR products revealed two DNA fragments of the predicted sizes upon digestion with Ndel and Xapl. Analysis with SspI allowed obtaining variability in two fragments in comparison to computer analysis of both strains, suggesting their divergency. It may be assumed that the amplified DNA fragments of salB gene share great, but not complete similarity to the previously described sequence of salB gene. Two examined strains showed different plasmid profiles; however bands of similar sizes were seen in both profiles. Genes responsible for salivaricin production are located on chromosomal DNA. Properties of these strains, in particular the presence of genes encoding bacteriocin production, imply that they may be used as potential probiotics for poultry.
This study was performed in order to isolate lactobacilli from chicken droppings and to select strains with the most promising probiotic properties. Lactobacillus strains were isolated from a flock of healthy laying hens. The first selection criterion was the ability to inhibit the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis. Then the tolerance to low pH and bile salt, the ability to coaggregate with pathogenic bacteria and hydrogen peroxide production were evaluated. Four isolates showing the best antagonistic activity against Salmonella Enetritidis were selected for further research. All isolates tested tolerated low pH and bile salt, likewise all produced hydrogen peroxide. They efficiently coaggregated with C. perfringens and relatively less with E. coli. Isolate 03’04 displayed above-average results in all criteria, thus it is considered as a potential probiotic for chickens, and will be further evaluated for health promoting effect in animals. The results presented in this study confirm the strain specific probiotic properties and prove the probiotic potential of isolate 03’04. Strong antagonistic properties against C. perfringens exhibited by certain Lactobacillus strains indicate the possibility to use them as a component of probiotic supplement in necrotic enteritis of poultry.
Bacterial colonization of the chicken gut by environmental microbes begins immediately after hatching. Composition of the intestinal microbiota is dependent on the surrounding environment, diet variation, pathological conditions, antibiotic therapy, and others. The genomes of all these intestinal microbes form a microbiome which by far outnumbers the host’s genome. As a consequence, the microbiome provides additional metabolic functions to the host, including nutrient utilization and absorption, fermentation of non-digestible dietary fiber, synthesis of some vitamins, biotransformation of bile acids, and the well-being of their chicken host. Microorganisms can also directly interact with the lining of the gastrointestinal tract, which may alter the physiology and immunological status of the bird. Since newly hatched broiler chickens demonstrate delayed commensal colonization and low bacterial diversity, the most effective and harmless method available to control the development and composition of the intestinal microbiota is a competitive exclusion treatment by applying probiotic bacteria. Additionally, recent research has shown that probiotic bacteria have a variety of beneficial effects, including counteraction of dysbiosis, promotion of gut health and homeostasis, enhancement of immune defenses and antagonization of infectious agents.
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