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Closed depressions (CDs) are common small forms occurring in the European loess belt. The age, origin and evolution of these forms is highly debated. Some CDs are reproduced in the loess cover. Their formation was directly influenced by the relief of sediments underlying the loess cover and varying in terms of age and origin. Two depressions of this type were documented within the thin (8 m) loess covers in the Nałęczów Plateau and the Dubienka Depression, using the electrical resistivity method. The age of the reproduced forms varies. The CD in Sadurki formed during the Vistulian. The CD in the Horodło site was forming from the Odranian to the Vistulian glaciation.
The research on conditions and development of the Holocene denudation was performed in a region of the multicultural site in Panieńszczyzna near Lublin. The natural environment of the site, diversified relief developed in loess cover favored denudation processes throughout the Holocene. However, denudation was significantly activated not earlier that the second half of the Holocene due to human impact, namely deforestation and land cultivation. There were two phases of high denudation rate: Neolith (mainly the KPL period) and since 19th century AD.
The investigation was conducted in the eastern part of the Nałęczów Plateau, a region of the Lublin Upland, in eastern Poland. The loess cover of this region was formed mainly during the last glaciation, and loess accumulation lasted until 15,000–12,000 BP. The undulating loess plateau with numerous oval-shaped closed depressions (CDs) is the main landform in the study area. Particle size distribution and SEM analyses were conducted for loess profiles under the bottoms and on the slopes of 4 CDs. Grain-size distribution characteristics as well as qualitative and quantitative micromorphological characteristics of the the loess forming the bottoms and slopes of the depressions were compared and discussed. It was documented that the differences between the loess forming the bottoms and slopes of the depressions are insignificant in the case of clay fraction content, but are considerable in the case of microstructure characteristics. The differences documented result from the impact of syn- and post-depositional diagenetic processes related mainly to suffosion and hydroconsolidation occurring under the influence of water. A quantitative assessment of the morphological effects of these processes was carried out in the context of the origin of closed depressions. The morphological effect of Holocene diagenetic processes was manifested in the deepening of the initial closed depressions formed previously under the influence of primary morphogenetic processes.
Closed depressions are characteristic elements of the loess plateau landscape. They formed by suffosive processes occurring within initial depressions in the loess cover. Detailed study were conducted in the eastern part of the Nałęczów Plateau (Lublin Upland) in one of the closed depressions located near a multicultural archaeological site. In the closed depression the Holocene soil-sediment sequence of a total thickness 1,3 m were documented. The soil-sediment sequence filling the closed depression and its bottom-forming loesses were detailed physico-chemical and micromorphological analyses as well as C-14 dating performed. This allowed to determine of postglacial litho- and pedogenesis development in the closed depression. Four major phases of Holocene sedimentation were recognized, witch were correlated with human settlement activity from Neolithic to modern times.
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