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 Elevated concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) in human tissues, definied as hyperhomocysteinemia has been correlated with some diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and kidney disorders. Homocysteine occurs in human blood plasma in several forms, including the most reactive one, the homocysteine thiolactone (HTL) - a cyclic thioester, which represents up to 0.29% of total plasma Hcy. In the article, the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on the complex process of hemostasis, which regulates the flowing properties of blood, are described. Possible interactions of homocysteine and its different derivatives, including homocysteine thiolactone, with the major components of hemostasis such as endothelial cells, blood platelets, plasmatic fibrinogen and plasminogen, are also discussed. Modifications of hemostatic proteins (N-homocysteinylation or S-homocysteinylation) induced by Hcy or its thiolactone seem to be the main cause of homocysteine biotoxicity in hemostatic abnormalities. It is suggested that Hcy and HTL may also act as oxidants, but various polyphenolic antioxidants are able to inhibit the oxidative damage induced by Hcy or HTL. We also discuss the role of phenolic antioxidants in hyperhomocysteinemia -induced changes in hemostasis.
The peroxynitrite anion (ONOO·) is a reactive species produced in the reaction between the superoxide anion (O2··) and nitric oxide (·NO). ONOO· is involved in several pathological conditions such as inflammation, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Our earlier results showed that ONOO· inhibits different steps of blood platelet activation and causes the depletion of platelet thiols. In this study, we investigated the effects of resveratrol (3, 4', 5-trihydroxystilbene) and other antioxidants (uric acid and deferoxamine (DFO)) on the level of low molecular thiols such as glutathione, cysteine and cysteinylglycine (in reduced and oxidized form) in blood platelets treated with ONOO·. Our results showed that ONOO· (100 mM, 2 min) induces changes in these thiols (measured by HPLC method); these changes are diminished in the presence of resveratrol. Preincubation of human platelets with resveratrol at a concentration of 100 mM (30 min) has a protective effect against the oxidation of platelet thiols induced by ONOO· or its intermediate. The other tested antioxidants also have a protectory action. In conclusion, we suggest that the resveratrol present in the human diet may partially protect -SH groups from oxidation and may be responsible for redox regulation and control in platelets.
Cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, cisPt) is especially useful in the treatment of epithelial malignancies, however, the use of cisplatin is accompanied by several toxicities including haematological toxicity. Contrary to cisplatin, selenium-cisplatin conjugate ((NH3)2Pt(SeO3); Se-Pt) has only a slight toxicity effect on blood platelet function. In the mechanism of platinum compounds action on platelets thiols are involved. The aim of the present studies was to examine in vitro how trans-resveratrol (trans-3,4',5-trihydroxystilbene) acts on the levels of platelet glutathione (GSH) and other thiol-containing compounds and how, as an antioxidant, protecs blood platelets against the oxidative stress caused by platinum compounds (cisPt and Se-Pt). To analyse the level of thiols in human blood platelets treated with platinum compounds and with resveratrol the classical technique HPLC has been used. Blood platelets isolated by differential centrifugation of human blood were incubated (30 min, 37°C) with cisPt or Se-Pt at dose of 10 µg/ml that inhibits platelet function and with resveratrol (25 µg/ml). The obtained results indicate that platinum compounds caused in platelets a decrease of both, reduced glutathione (GSH) and free thiols of cysteine (CSH) and cysteinylglycine (CGSH). The pool of these compounds in unreduced form was increased. Platinum compounds caused the reduction of platelet protein thiols. Resveratrol (after 30 min action) at the concentration of 25 µg/ml partly reduced the platinum compounds induced decrease of platelet thiols, particularly thiols in acid-soluble fraction.
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