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Survivin regulates cell cycle and mitosis and has antiapoptotic properties. Because of its dual function survivin has been the subject of much research focusing on its role in tumorigenesis and the relationship between survivin expression and apoptotic and/or proliferative activity in many types of human tumor including non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas. Such studies have not been conducted in canine lymphomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of survivin in canine lymphomas of low (5/25) and high (20/25) grades in relation to apoptotic markers (apoptotic index and index of caspase-3). Survivin was found in all examined lymphomas. Most tumors (18/25) showed survivin expression in 10%-25% of positive cells. Only in single cases was lower (0-10% positive cells, 1/25) or higher (25%-50% and >50% positive cells, 5/25 and 1/25, respectively) survivin expression. No significant differences between mean values of either index of survivin or apoptotic index was found between low and high grade lymphomas. However, such a difference among lymphoma grades was shown regarding the caspase-3 index. No correlation between the survivin index and either the apoptotic index or caspase-3 index was found, irrespective of the method of quantification: in whole specimens or in areas of low and high survivin expression. Positive correlation was consistently noted only between both apoptotic markers. The results indicate that survivin is commonly expressed in canine lymphomas. It seems that survivin does not exhibit anti-apoptotic activity in canine lymphomas. Lack of correlation between survivin expression and apoptotic markers could indicate its potential role in cell cycle activation in lymphoma cells.
This report describes an improvement made to the horizontal cell electrophoresis methodology. It involves using two liquid layers differing in density to produce an interface described as a “density cushion”. The electrophoretic system that employed an anti-convective porous matrix to separate red blood cells (RBC) and charged dyes effectively was found to be unsuitable for some other mammalian cells. The “density cushion” method was found to be more versatile and applicable to studies on the separation of a variety of cell types. The experiments described show the differences between the electrophoretic mobilities of a human eosinophilic leukaemia cell line (Eol-1) and RBC, both with and without the modification of the cell surface properties.
We demonstrated that a quickly growing hamster skin melanoma developed a tumor after autologous implantation into the anterior chamber of the eye. Tumor cells were seen invading all the surrounding tissues, including the iris, ciliary body, choroid and cornea. Histological examination confirmed the presence of numerous blood vessels of large diameter. Their walls were very thin, thus only the endothelium could be identified using light microscopy. Macrophages, microemboli and extravasations were present within the tumor mass.
Combination chemiotherapy is the current standard of care for dogs with lymphoma. Multidrug resistance is one of the most important factors contributing to the efficacy of chemiotherapy. The major protein responsible for this phenomenon is P-glycoprotein. Little is known about P-glycoprotein expression in particular subtypes of lymphomas. The aim of the study was evaluation of P-glycoprotein expression in various subtypes of canine lymphomas. Positive reaction with P-glycoprotein was found in 12/25 cases of various morphological subtypes of lymphomas, however, in 3/11 lymphomas the percentage of positively weakly stained cells was <10% and those tumors were also considered negative. Tumors with 10-50% P-glycoprotein positive cells were found in single cases of centroblastic and centroblastic-centrocytic tumors. In 5 lymphomas P-glycoprotein expression exceeded 50% of tumor cells. Those cases were found among centroblastic, centroblastic-centrocytic, lymphoblastic and Burkitt-like subtypes. Positive reaction was observed mainly in the cell cytoplasm, however, in some cases prominent perinuclear dot-like staining pattern was found. In 2 cases focal staining pattern comprised dominant type of immunolabelling. Among all lymphomas containing P-glycoprotein positive cells intensity of imunolabelling was assessed as weak (6/25), moderate (2/25) and strong (3/25). Our results indicate that P-glycoprotein expression is present in nearly one third of newly diagnosed canine lymphomas of different morphological subtypes including those most commonly occurring, such as cenroblastic lymphomas. Hence, determination of P-glycoprotein expression at the time of diagnosis could provide valuable information for the design of treatment protocols. Moreover, our results have shown that P-glycoprotein expression in canine tumors could be located in Golgi-zone.
INTRODUCTION: Neuroligins (NLGNs) are postsynaptic cell adhesion proteins which bind to their presynaptic partners neurexins across the synaptic cleft. Thus, NLGNs are crucial for the formation, maturation and maintenance of synapses. In rodents, neuroligins are encoded by four genes: Nlgn1, Nlgn2, Nlgn3 and Nlgn4. The mutations in Nlgn3 and Nlgn4 genes are associated with autistic phenotype. Another cause of autistic behaviors, fragile X syndrome, results from the lack of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP binds to neuronal mRNAs and regulate local translation of transcripts that play an important role in synaptic signaling and plasticity. AIM(S): We aimed to determine if synaptic translation of Nlgn1, Nlgn2 and Nlgn3 mRNAs is regulated by FMRP. METHOD(S): We used Fmr1 knock-out mice (Fmr1 KO) and their wild type (WT) littermates to isolate synaptoneurosomes, which were stimulated in vitro to induce local protein synthesis. We performed FMRP IP on synaptoneurosomes and FISH combined with FMRP immunostaining on cultured neurons to investigate Nlgns mRNAs interaction with FMRP. The polyribosome fractionation was used to elucidate if FMRP regulates Nlgns mRNAs local translation. To study the surface versus intracellular NLGNs distribution at WT and Fmr1 KO synapses we have chosen chemical crosslinking and biotinylation assays, followed by Western blotting. RESULTS: We show that mRNAs for three studied neuroligins interact directly with FMRP in synaptoneurosomes and Nlgn1, Nlgn2, Nlgn3 mRNAs colocalize with FMRP in dendritic granules of cultured hippocampal neurons. The Nlgn1, Nlgn2 and Nlgn3 mRNAs associate with translating polyribosomes in response to synaptic stimulation and Fmr1 KO mice exhibit upregulated local translation due to the lack of FMRP. Finally, the excessive local synthesis of NLGN proteins at Fmr1 KO synapses leads to their elevated level on the postsynaptic membrane. CONCLUSIONS: Nlgn1, Nlgn2 and Nlgn3 mRNAs are locally translated at the synapse and FMRP regulates this process. FINANCIAL SUPPORT: Supported by NCN grant Sonata Bis 2014/14/E/NZ3/00375.
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