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1

Quantitative contribution of climate change and land use change to runoff in Tarbela Catchment, Pakistan

100%
Shaukat R. S., Khan M. M., Shahid M., Shoaib M., Khan T. A., Aslam M. A.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2020
|
tom 29
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nr 5
2

Experimental evaluation of a diesel engine for combustion, performance and exhaust emissions with fuel blends derived from a mixture of fish waste oil and waste cooking oil biodiesel

100%
Ghaos Qureshi M. W., Khan Z. M., Hussain M., Ahmed F., Shoaib M., Qasim M.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2019
|
tom 28
|
nr 4
The production of biodiesel fuel for diesel engines from waste oil resources resolves a triple-faceted problem: environmental, economic and waste management. This study aimed to extract oil from fish waste, to convert the extracted oil into biodiesel fuel through base catalyzed transesterification and to reduce waste disposal-related environmental problems. Various fuel blends (CBFM10, CBFM20, CBFM30, CBFM40 and CBFM50) were prepared from a 1:1 mixture of waste canola oil biodiesel (WCOB) and transesterified fish waste oil (TFWO) with different proportions of mineral diesel. The mixture was named as the composite blends of fuel mixtures (CBFM). The fuel mixtures were subjected to physicochemical properties like kinematic viscosity, density, flash point and calorific values that were found with the international standard limits of biodiesel fuel and comparable to those of petroleum diesel with an added benefit to be lower in price being derived from waste resources. The formulated fuel blends were run in a 5.5kW stationary diesel engine to investigate combustion, performance and emission characteristics. In comparison to petroleum diesel, slightly higher BSFC, marginally lower BTE and shorter ignition delay was observed with CBFM fuel blends. As compared to fossil fuel diesel carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) were found to decrease by 2.8-25.1% and 2.2-19.9%, respectively. In comparison to all tested fuel blends, CBFM10 has shown lower nitrogen oxide emissions. The tested fuel blends were found to have great potential to be utilized as cheap and easily handled alternative fuels for compression ignition (CI) engines without any modification in any part of the engine.
3

Design and performance evaluation of an indigenously developed small-scale fish-iil extraction unit; a solution for improving fish farm environments

100%
Qureshi M. W. G., Mahmood-Khan Z., Ahmad F., Shoaib M., Faarid H. U., Khan A. A., Khan Sial J.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2018
|
tom 27
|
nr 6
Aquaculture practices are considered a profitable business and are gaining popularity in Pakistan. Small farmers produce a sizeable amount of fish. The fish waste removed at the farm level and/or fishermen’s end is utilized with low economic return. Fish waste produced at the farm level generally is causing environmental pollution as well. A very small amount of fish waste is used to extract the oil using crude heating technology, which is unacceptable, uneconomical, and unhygienic. Extracted oil from wastes of aquatic resources is used as raw material for production of biodiesel around the world. In view of this scenario, a study was conducted to design and develop an indigenous small-scale fishoil extraction unit. A batch-type oil extraction unit is designed in this study, which further evaluated the performance of the developed unit. The extraction unit consists of a crusher, cooker, and centrifuge system. The crusher and centrifuge system were equipped with 2 hp and 1 hp electric motors, respectively. The motor has a revolution capacity of about 1,450 rpm. A double jacket fully water-filled system is proposed with an agitator installed in the cooker. A 1 hp electric motor was provided to operate an agitator at 40 rmp. The centrifuge unit has a double screening mechanism. The extraction unit is tested at a small fish farm near Muzaffargarh, Punjab, Pakistan. The fish oil is successfully separated from fish wastes with the help of a newly designed small-scale oil extraction unit. The tests showed that 90 minutes is required to process one batch of fish waste. The extraction unit has the capacity to process 15-20 kg of fish waste in a single batch. Research for producing bio-fuels from extracted fish oil is at its initial stages and there is a substantial need for further research to study the other economic issues related to bio-fuels and evaluate the oil extraction unit.
4

Performance evaluation of trickling filter-based wastewater treatment system utilizing cotton sticks as filter media

84%
Ahson Aslam M. M., Khan Z. M., Sultan M., Niaz Y., Mahmood M. A., Shoaib M., Shakoor A., Ahmad M.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2017
|
tom 26
|
nr 5
The need of wastewater (WW) treatment is increasing along with the production of WW and its disposal without treatment. With a smaller footprint, ease of operation, and relatively less cost, trickling filter (TF) wastewater treatment systems have been considered to be more adoptable for domestic and industrial WW treatment in underdeveloped and/or developing countries – particularly for Asia and Africa. A relatively low-cost and operationally effective TF wastewater treatment system was developed using farm waste cotton sticks as biofilm support media. During the operation of the TF system, flow rates vary from 1.7 to 4.6 m³/hr. The attained removal efficiency for BOD (biological oxygen demand) was 69-78% and for chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 65-80%. The solids removal in TF system was 38-56% for total suspended solids (TSS) and 20-36% for total dissolved solids (TDS). Other aggregates such as turbidity and color removal were 32-54% and 25-42%, respectively. Four to five months of trouble-free operation of the developed TF system indicated the robustness and reliability of the system. Cotton sticks appeared to be a degradation-resistant alternative filter media for the TF system. Moreover, it is useful for reducing potential impacts of WW re-use at the farm level. Treated effluents through the TF system can be re-used as an irrigation water supplement in under-developed and/or developing countries.
5

Two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) for high-throughput proteome analyses of Mycoplasma bovis

68%
Khan F. A., Chen X., Shoaib M., Shah M., Ahmad F., Khan H., ur Rehman F., Saeed M., Ahmad I., Ahmad I., Guo A.
Acta Biochimica Polonica
|
2019
|
tom 66
|
nr 3
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