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Recent history of numerous lakes is, among others, a consequence of anthropogenic activity that led to water eutrophication and excessive phytoplankton development. In nutrient-rich lakes both biomass of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, that may have a substantial impact on aquatic biocenoses, are present not only in water column but also in the bottom sediments. This study demonstrates vertical distribution of microcystins (MC) traces in sediments of two eutrophic lakes – one phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated and the other phytoplankton-dominated. The sediments (1–40/50 cm depth) were sampled from central part of lakes and content of MC traces was determined by means of GC-MS in 1cm core slices. In the sediment profile (1–40 cm depth) of the phytoplankton/macrophyte-dominated lake the MC contents ranged from 0.011 in deep layer (35 cm) to 0.910 μg equival. MC-LR g⁻¹ d.w. in the surface layer (1 cm) and indicated gradual increase in eutrophication – connected with mass development of cyanobacteria over time. In phytoplanktondominated lake, MC contents (0.0–0.335 μg equival. MC-LR g⁻¹ d.w.) oscillated through the core (1– 50 cm depth) and were relatively similar in older, deeper (20–50 cm) and younger (1–20 cm) layers what suggests long-lasting but variable intensity of cyanobacteria mass development. The obtained results indicate that traces of microcystins persist and are detectable for several dozens years not only in surface but also in deep sediment layers of lakes affected by former cyanobacterial blooms. They seem to be a reliable tool to follow eutrophication and its consequence – excessive development of cyanobacteria in the past time.
Long-lasting cyanobacterial blooms were observed over summer periods 2001–2003 in the highly eutrophic dam reservoir (Zemborzycki Reservoir near Lublin, SE Poland) loaded with nitrogen and phosphorus by the river Bystrzyca. Chlorophyll a content and water transparence reached in summer periods 2002–2003 average values 115–129 µg l⁻¹ and 0.5 m, respectively. The blooms consisted of eight taxa of Cyanobacteria occurring in different proportions: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Anabaena circinalis, Anabaena spiroides, Anabaena flos-aquae, Planktothrix agardhii, Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis viridis, Microcystis wesenbergii. At decreased average water temperature and increased concentration of dissolved ammonium-nitrogen in summer 2003, compared with two earlier years, a replacement of dominant Aph. flos-aquae to P. agardhii was observed. The total abundance of potential microcystin producers was positively correlated with the content of these hepatotoxins in the reservoir water. First time in Poland, mass occurrence of Anabaena strains producing anatoxin-a was observed. Anatoxin-a concentration in the reservoir water was positively correlated with total abundance of 3 taxa of Anabaena. It was no such correlation with Aph. flos-aquae.
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