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In the paper are presented problem of estimation of the accuracy of digital approximation of the land surface and question of it transposition to European INSPIRE directive. The method of estimation of accuracy of digital model of the land surface elaborated by author and results of experimental verification of this method are presented. It is proposed to include this method to European Infrastructure for Spatial Information.
Based on the dissections of 24 bones of 12 macaques (Macaca mulatta), a systematic anatomical description was made and measurements of the chosen size parameters of the temporal bone as well as the skull were taken. Although there is a small mastoid process, the general arrangement of the macaque’s temporal bone structures is very close to that which is observed in humans. The main differences are a different model of pneumatisation and the presence of subarcuate fossa, which possesses considerable dimensions. The main air space in the middle ear is the mesotympanum, but there are also additional air cells: the epitympanic recess containing the head of malleus and body of incus, the mastoid cavity, and several air spaces on the floor of the tympanic cavity. The vicinity of the carotid canal is also very well pneumatised and the walls of the canal are very thin. The semicircular canals are relatively small, very regular in shape, and characterized by almost the same dimensions. The bony walls of the labyrinth are relatively thin. (Folia Morphol 2009; 68, 1: 13–22)
The topographical anatomy of domestic animals, including that of dogs, has been insufficiently described in current literature. The present study aimed at a systematic measurement and anatomical description of selected size parameters of dog’s temporal bones by performing a dissection of 12 specimens (24 temporal bones). It was noted that the air spaces of dog’s temporal bones are well developed and form a pneumatic system fed with air by the Eustachian tube. The largest element of this system is the tympanic bulla which is situated relatively superficially and creates an important landmark facilitating surgery in the middle ear. After opening the tympanic bulla the promontory is clearly visible as well as all auditory ossicles and tendons of the intrinsic muscles. The study also revealed that the middle ear has several bony recesses, penetrating the majority of the walls of the tympanic cavity and creating almost completely separate compartments. One of these compartments is an air cell situated beneath the facial canal - posterior to the promontory. The facial nerve on this segment is deprived of its bony sheath, and creates a possible path of nerve damage by bacterial toxins during otitis media. Additionally, the proximity of the middle ear with other structures of skull is also important: the epitympanic recess of the middle ear is close to the venous temporal canal, and the region of the orifice of the Eustachian tube is close to the internal carotid artery canal. The semicircular canals are of considerable size, the greatest one being the superior canal and the smallest the posterior canal. Only 4, not 5 openings of semicircular canals in dog’s vestibules were studied because two of them possess common side paths in the bony labyrinth. From the parameters measured the most stable were vestibule size (2×3 mm), and the most variable - cochlea (5.85-7.4 mm of height) and tympanic cavity (14.2-22.6 mm of length). However none of the studied parameters was significantly correlated with skull length.
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