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Human peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with thirteen various mero­cyanines of the stilbazolium betaine type and the fluorescence intensities of the cells were measured by flow cytometry. The fluorescence intensity of lymphocytes, mono­cytes and granulocytes depended on the time and temperature of incubation with the dyes. An increase in the incubation temperature enhanced the fluorescence intensity whereas washing of the cells after incubation had little influence on the observed emission. This points to incorporation of the dye molecules into the cell membrane. From the measured fluorescence intensities corrected for relative fluorescence yields, the relative efficiencies of incorporation into the cells of the various merocyanines tested were evaluated. The efficiency was dependent on the type of the cells and the length and side groups of the merocyanine molecules studied.
The incorporation of the five following porphyrins: meso-tetra(4-phenyl)porphyrin (TPP); meso-tetra(4-sulfonato-phenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4); meso-tetra(4-naphthyl)porphyrin (TNP); tri-sulfo-tetra-phenyl porphyrin (TPPS3) and tetra-sulfonato-naphthyl porphyrin (TNPS4) into human blood cells was investigated using flow cytometry, and absorption and emission spectroscopy. The percentage of stained cells, measured in a fluorescence cytometer, provided information on the efficiency of incorporation of fluorescent dye molecules into different types of cells. The yield of the incorporation of a dye was dependent on the type of dye and the solvent used for cell incubation. The degree of dye aggregation and ionization varied with the incubation medium, but dye molecules incorporated into cells seemed to be restricted to those in the monomeric state, exhibiting similar fluorescence yield. Of the three sulfonated porphyrins investigated only TPPS4 was efficiently incorporated into leukocytes. In the incubation solvent, this dye was in monomeric and neutral form. TPPS3 which was also in monomeric form, practically was not incorporated into cells. TPP and TNP dissolved in 5% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide were present mostly in aggregated forms but they penetrated the cells with high efficiency. The results obtained seem to indicate that porphyrins are promising candidates for application in phytodynamic therapy.
Human peripheral blood cells stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (which serve as a model of cancerous cells) and resting cells were incubated in dimethyl sulfoxide solu­tions of various phthalocyanines. In order to diminish the influence of atmospheric ox­ygen the cells were embedded in a polymer (polyvinyl alcohol) film. Fluorescence spectra of the samples were measured over two regions of excitation wavelengths: at 405 nm (predominant absorption of the cell material) and in the regions of strong ab­sorption of phthalocyanines (at about 605 nm and 337 nm). The intrinsic emission of cell material became changed as a result both of cells' stimulation and of incubation of cells in dye solution. In most cases the stimulated cells when stained by dye exhibited higher long wavelength fluorescence intensity than resting cells. This suggests higher efficiency of dye incorporation into cancerous cells than into healthy cells. The ab­sorption spectra of samples were also measured. The spectra of various phthalo- cyanines in incubation solvent, in polymer and in the cells embedded in polymer, were compared. The comparison of properties of the cells stimulated for different time peri­ods enabled to establish the conditions of stimulation creating a population of cells in­corporating a large number of sensitizing molecules.
There is an everincreasing demand for lupin seed protein in human nutrition. However, their usage as a food ingredient can be limited by their influence on the immune system. The aim of the study was to analyse, by means of flow cytometry, the potential of lupin seed globulins to induce the respiratory burst in human neutrophils. The results proved the potential of lupin globulins to induce the increased ROS production in human neutrophils. The increased ROS production by the cells treated with lupin globulins and, at the same time, stimulated with the PMA may suggest a synergistic effect of the globulins and the PMA.
Three phthalocyanine dyes-sensitizers were incorporated into two types of human T leukemia cells from two cell-lines: CCRF and MOLT 4. The efficiency of the dye in­corporation into cells and photochemical properties of stained cells were investi­gated using fluorescence spectroscopy. The dyes exhibited different properties in each of the two cell-lines. Small differences in cell membrane properties have a strong influence on the efficiency of dye incorporation and on the course of photodynamic reaction. It is suggested that, for a given patient, an optimal dye-sensitizer should be established before photodynamic treatment.
Stimulated and resting mononuclear leukocytes were incubated with a stilbazolium merocyanine dye l-(6'-hydroxyhexyl)-4-[(4-oxocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)ethylide- ne]-l,4-dihydropyridine and immobilized in isotropic and stretched polyvinyl alcohol film. Polarized absorption, fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectra were collected and the anisotropy of absorption and emission were calculated. Analysis of the spectra pointed to: i. the occurrence of perturbation of the membrane structure by incubation with the dye, and ii. influence of the blood serum addition, during the process of incubation with.the dye, on the efficiency of incorporation of merocyanine into the cells and the degree of the dye orientation in the membrane. A small fraction of the dye molecules introduced into resting cells was found oriented to a higher degree than a large fraction incorporated into stimulated cells. The incubation time longer than 15 min caused strong changes in the membrane structure both of the resting and stimulated cells.
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