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Pod wpływem kinetyny i auksyny zawartość potasu w ziarnie i organach wegetatywnych pszenicy jarej wzrosła, natomiast pod wpływem gibereliny zmalała. Wzrastające dawki potasu w niewielkim stopniu modyfikowały zawartość i akumulację potasu w ziarnie, natomiast wyraźnie zwiększały zawartość i akumulację tego składnika w organach wegetatywnych, zwłaszcza w źdźble. Najwyższą efektywność fizjologiczną nawożenia potasem i wykorzystanie tego składnika z nawozów uzyskano w przypadku roślin kontrolnych. Dawka 1 g K na wazon zapewniła najwyższą efektywność fizjologiczną nawożenia i najwyższe wykorzystanie potasu z nawozów.
W doświadczeniu wazonowym badano wpływ regulatorów wzrostu na gospodarkę wapniem i magnezem w warunkach stosowania wzrastającego poziomu nawożenia potasem. Zawartość wapnia w roślinach pszenicy w większym stopniu zależała od regulatorów wzrostu niż od poziomu nawożenia potasem. Regulatory wzrostu w niewielkim stopniu zwiększyły zawartość magnezu w ziarnie, a wyraźnie zmniejszyły jego koncentrację w źdźble i liściach. Nawożenie dawką 0,5 g K pozwoliło uzyskać najwyższą zawartość magnezu we wszystkich organach pszenicy. Fitohormony, zwłaszcza kinetyna, ograniczały akumulację wapnia i magnezu w ziarnie i organach wegetatywnych pszenicy. Kinetyna i auksyna roszerzały stosunek K: (Ca+Mg) w ziarnie pszenicy, a giberelina go zacieśniała. Wzrastające dawki potasu wyraźnie rozszerzyły stosunek K: (Ca+Mg) w źdźble i liściach (flagowym i podflagowym), a w niewielkim stopniu również w ziarnie.
Milk thistle was grown on a substrate with the texture of light soil, slightly acid in reaction and moderately abundant in available phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen. The effect of incremental nitrogen fertilization (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 g N per pot) against the background of constant PK fertilization (P – 1.0, K – 1.5 g per pot) on the content of macronutrients in fruits of two forms of milk thistle, a cultivar called Silma and a population line bred in Poland, was tested in the first trial; the influence of boron fertilization was assessed in the second series and the impact of forms of magnesium fertilizers (MgCl2 and MgSO4) was analyzed in the third variant of the experiment. The variety-specific traits had a significant effect on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but did not affect the concentrations of calcium, magnesium and sodium. The content of nitrogen in achenes of the population plant was 26.38 g N kg–1 d.m., compared to 25.16 g N kg–1 d.m. determined for cv. Silma. Fruits of the population line also contained significantly more phosphorus and potassium (by app. 17%), whereas the levels of sodium, calcium and magnesium did not differ in a statistically significant way between the two types of the plant. The highest nitrogen (27.62 g kg–1 d.m.) and phosphorus (8.78 g kg–1 d.m.) concentrations were obtained by applying 2 g N per pot. Sulphur introduced to soil in the form of magnesium sulphate raised the content of nitrogen in achenes of both forms of milk thistle.
The results presented in this paper have been obtained during a three-year experiment (from the second cycle of four-year trials set up in 2004) established in Bałcyny. The following crops were grown in succession: potato, fodder barley, winter oilseed rape and winter wheat. The fertilization treatments included: mineral NPK, FYM and organic fertilization with composted and dried sewage sludge and composted municipal waste. Treatments without soil enrichment or with mineral NPK fertilization were taken for comparison. Farmyard manure and organic fertilizers were applied in two different ways: as a single dose of 10 t ha–1 before planting the potato or in two doses, each 5 t d.m. ha–1, before planting the potato and before sowing the oilseed rape. The effect of the applied fertilizers on assemblages of soil fungi was tested. The fungi were cultured on Martin medium. The fertilizers were determined to have affected the populations of soil fungi. Yeastlike fungi prevailed among the isolated colonies (60-85% of the total isolates). The richest fungal community was obtained from the soil amended with dried and pelleted sewage sludge or municipal green waste compost. However, suppressed growth of pathogenic fungi represented by the species Aureobasidium pullulans, Botrytis cinerea, of the genus Fusarium and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was observed in the soil amended with natural fertilizers and composts. The growth of pathogens was most strongly inhibited in the soil enriched with a double dose of FYM, composted urban green waste or with dried and pelleted sewage sludge in either of the two application variants. The pathogen-antagonistic fungi, represented by three species of Gliocladium and four species of the genera Paecilomyces and Trichoderma, were more often isolated from the soil fertilized with FYM or organic fertilizers than the unfertilized or NPK-nourished soil. The soil enriched with Dano compost applied in a single rate of 10 t d.m. ha–1 was most abundantly populated by these fungi. Among the remaining saprotrophs, fungi of the genus Penicillium and the orders Mucorales and Sporotrichum olivaceum were isolated.
Fenugreek is one of the oldest known medicinal plants that have been used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nitrogen fertilization and Rhizobium meliloti inoculation on the yield, yield components and seed quality of fenugreek. The experiment was performed during two growing seasons. Chlorophyll content was determined with the use of the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. After harvest, biometric measurements were performed and the chemical composition of vegetative organs and seeds was determined in fenugreek plants. At 43 DAS, the chlorophyll content of control plant leaves was determined as 46 SPAD, and it decreased with plant growth. In treatments fertilized with nitrogen, the chlorophyll content of leaves increased from 48.5 (N0.5) - 56.1 (N1) SPAD (43 DAS) to 58.2 (N0.5) - 60.6 (N1) SPAD (58 DAS).Seed inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti was more highly correlated with seed quality than plant habitus and yield components. Inoculation decreased (by 11.5%) the crude fat content of fenugreek seeds, and increased phosphorus, calcium and sodium concentrations. Nitrogen fertilization significantly influenced morphological parameters and yield components, and it contributed to a significant increase in the total protein content of seeds.
A pot experiment was carried out on cv. Jasna spring wheat grown on light loamy sand soil. The soil was slightly acidic in reaction and moderately abundant in available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Consistent NKMg fertilization rates (1.5 g N, 1.5 g K and 0.25 g Mg) were accompanied by increasingly high doses of phosphorus (0.0 to 1.02 g P per pot). In order to compare the effect produced by growth regulators, applied in conjunction with the growing phosphorus doses, the pots were split into four groups, depending on the sprays applied: distilled water (control), kinetin, gibberellin and auxin. The target was to determine the influence of plant hormones and phosphorus fertilization on nitrogen balance in spring wheat. The content of nitrogen in wheat grain depended mainly on the phosphorus fertilization level, the relationship which became particularly evident following auxin and kinetin application. The highest N concentration occurred when 0.85 g P per pot was used. The growth regulators, auxin and gibberellin in particular, depressed the concentration of nitrogen in grain. The level of nitrogen in glumes and stems was only slightly dependent on the level of phosphorus nutrition. In leaves, it was negatively correlated with the doses of phosphorus. The phytohormones depressed the concentration of nitrogen in stems, oldest leaves and in the flag leaf, raising it in the penultimate leaf. The uptake and accumulation of nitrogen in grain tended to increase up to the phosphorus rate of 0.68 g P per pot. The growth regulators inhibited the accumulation of nitrogen in aerial organs of wheat, especially in grain. Gibberellin, in turn, increased the accumulation of nitrogen in glumes and stems. The contribution of grain in nitrogen accumulation ranged from 62% (without P fertilization) to 68% when 0.68 g P per pot was applied. The growth regulators, especially gibberellin, decreased the ratio of nitrogen accumulated in grain. Protein yield per plant, except wheat sprayed with gibberellin, increased proportionately to the rate of phosphorus.
The objective of this study has been to trace the effect of endogenous growth regulators and different phosphorus fertilization levels on the content and accumulation of potassium, magnesium and calcium in spring wheat. The research was based on the results of a pot experiment established on soil of grain size distribution of light loamy sand. The soil was slightly acidic and moderately abundant in available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. Against the background of stable NKMg fertilization (1.5 g N, 1.5 g K and 0.25 g Mg), increasing phosphorus rates (0.0 to 1.02 g P per pot) were tested. In order to compare the effect produced by growth regulators, applied in conjunction with rising doses of phosphorus, the pots were divided into 4 groups according to the sprays: distilled water (control), kinetin, gibberellin and auxin. Kinetin and auxin increased the content of potassium in wheat grain, whereas gibberellin stimulate the removal of this element. Increasing P rates depressed the concentration of potassium in wheat except the oldest leaves. The highest uptake of potassium was observed following an application of 0.68 g P per pot. Gibberellin increased the content of Mg in leaves, glumes, oldest leaves and grain, whereas kinetin and auxin resulted in lower Mg levels. The highest Mg uptake occurred after using 0.68 g P per pot. The plant hormones raised the content of ca in wheat grain. Gibberellin and auxin increased the uptake of calcium by P non-fertilized wheat. Phosphorus fertilization broadened slightly the Ca:P ratio in grain, glumes and stems. Kinetin and auxin narrowed the Ca:P ratio in leaves. Higher phosphoru rates, especially in vegetative organs, narrowed the Ca:P ratio. Gibberellin narrowed the K:(Mg+Ca) ratio in grain and vegetative organs, which in contrast was broadened by kinetin. Auxin broadened these proportions in wheat grain and leaves, while narrowing them in glumes and stems. The lowest and the highest phosphorus rates narrowed the K:(Mg+Ca) ratios in grain and glumes.
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