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The electrical penetration graph (EPG) method was used to quantify the effect of surface waxes on probing behaviour of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae F. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The experiments showed that wax removal significantly affected probing behaviour of S. avenae. Generally, the aphids feeding on the plants without wax had a shortened non-probing (EPG-pattern np) and prolonged penetration of peripheral tissues – epidermis and mesophyll (EPG-pattern C). The EPG tests also showed that the three tested extracts of surface waxes from waxy plants RAH 122 were active as aphicides against the grain aphid.
Surface waxes from wax-covered triticale plants (RAH 122) were sprayed on plants of the waxless genotype RAH 366 or the surface waxes were used to make artificial diet preparations. The results were significant increases in the mortality of apterous adults of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at all concentrations tested in comparison with those aphids which fed on the control plants or aphids which were reared on the diets. In the choice tests, most aphids settled on plants without surface waxes or on diet preparations which did not have surface waxes (the controls). When the concentration of the surface waxes was increased on one of the plants or surface waxes were increased in the diet preparation, the number of wandering aphids increased. Those aphids which did not wander were mainly on the waxless control plants or on the waxless diet preparations. Aphids did settle on those plants or on the diet preparations which had 100 and 1,000 μg · g–1 of surface wax. The aphids rarely settled on the diet preparations containing 10,000 μg ∙ g–1 of surface waxes. From these observations it appears that surface waxes can act as a feeding deterrent. Since aphids on plants with surface waxes, or aphids which settled on diet preparations with surface waxes, started to die earlier than aphids fed only the control plants or the control diet preparations, it is possible that the surface waxes had a toxic effect that led to early mortality. Thus, it can be said that the surface waxes caused feeding deterrence and had a toxic effect on the aphids.
Results presented in the paper suggest that chemical compounds which occur within epicuticular waxes of the waxy winter triticale genotype RAH 122 play an important role during feeding behaviour of the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. The EPG (electrical penetration graphs) recordings showed that aphids feeding on the waxy genotype of triticale spent more time on non-probing than on wax-less RAH 366. The EPG recordings confirmed the results of entomological tests, where the waxy genotype prolonged the aphid development time and reduced their fecundity. Summing up the epicuticular wax compounds clearly affected feeding behavior of the bird cherry-oat aphid, thus waxy triticale genotypes might be useful in controlling this cereal pest.
The epicuticular wax is the contact point between plants and the environment and plays a crucial role in mediating biotic and abiotic interactions. The associations between the content of epicuticular waxes, on surface plants of winter triticale with their acceptance by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae and bird cherry -oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi were studied. In general, waxy genotype DED 1137 of winter triticale was less accepted by the cereal aphids than the wax less one (RAH 366). The waxy genotype decreased density of cereal aphids, prolonged maturity and decreased fecundity. Moreover, the comparison of abundance, development and fecundity of the aphid species on the triticale genotypes proved that tested genotypes differed in susceptibility to Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. The importance of the epicuticular wax compounds in the acceptance of plants by the aphids is discussed. The results indicated that aphids fed on waxy plants showed longer time of the prereproductive period and much lower total fecundity. Furthermore, waxy genotype reduced value of the cumulative aphid index and percentage of infested plants.
Plants use many strategies to protect themselves against insects. Morphological, anatomical, and chemical plant properties play an important role in natural plant resistance to herbivore insects. The effects of triticale genotypes with different wax covers at various growth stages was studied on the fecundity and survival of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The aphids that fed on the organs of the waxless genotypes survived longer and produced signifi cantly more nymphs. Furthermore, mortality of nymphs on the waxy plants was significantly higher than on waxless plants. The chemical analysis also showed that the waxless plants had lower levels of flavonoids in comparison with waxy plants. Waxless seedlings had lower levels of flavonoids at every studied organ. The obtained results indicate that the level of flavonoids might play an important role in the resistance of winter triticale genotypes to grain aphid. The content of flavonoids was associated with the values of resistance between the waxy and waxless plants. It was concluded that the waxy plants that contained high levels of flavonoids were less preferred by the grain aphid.ces, which indicated no signifi cant change in either periphyton or macrozoobenthos following such episodes.
Development of the ability to attach effectively to plant surfaces has been a crucial point in insect evolution and one of the evolutionary obstacles that has limited the number of insect orders that have colonized terrestrial plants. There is a strong tendency to increase cultivation plants that can reduce populations of pathogens and insect pests. However, the introduction of such plants to agriculture requires fairly detailed knowledge of plant structure and chemicals, including their effect on biology phytophagous insects and their natural enemies.
Changes in total phenols and o-dihydroxyphenols concentration in seedlings of waxy and wax-less winter triticale hybrids under the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae F. and the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. infestation were studied. Results revealed an inverse correlation between the concentration of the phenolics in aphid-infested triticale plants and the growth and development of the aphid species on seedlings of different age. Moreover, both studied aphids induced a decrease in phenolics level within seedlings of the studied hybrids. Association between concentration of the studied phenolics and thickness of the epicuticular wax layer in triticale hybrids and their stress reaction on the grain aphid and bird cherry-oat aphid feeding is discussed.
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