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Most of commercially important crops, including maize and common bean, are sensitive to water deficit and salinity. Polyamines are considered to be osmotic and salt tolerance modulators and biochemical indicators of these stresses. In the present study, we measured organ-specific changes in levels of free, microsome- and thylakoid-associated polyamines in leaves and roots of maize and common bean plants exposed for 24 h to osmotic and saline stresses. Putrescine levels were generally higher in the studied organs of both species and under both stresses; only in the roots of salt-treated bean it considerably decreased. In both species, salt stress (200 mM NaCl) induced a significant decrease in free spermidine in roots.Weobserved a significant decrease in the contents of all polyamines associated with themicrosomes isolated from the roots of maize and bean growing in sorbitol and salt conditions. Also the microsomes isolated from the leaves of stressed plants were characterized by the lower contents of polyamines. Our data showed a reduction of putrescine content, with significantly decreased spermidine and spermine levels in thylakoids isolated from the chloroplasts of maize and bean plants growing under both stresses. The results indicate that the studied maize and bean cultivars are rather drought-sensitive. Additionally, microsome- and thylakoid-associated polyamines seem to be good markers of plant stress tolerance.
 We analysed the level of polyamines (PAs) bound to thylakoids and the level and activity of thylakoid transglutaminases throughout barley leaf senescence, retarded by kinetin. The level of PAs bound to thylakoids changed in senescing barley leaves: bound putrescine (PU) and spermidine (SD) increased throughout senescence, whereas bound spermine (SM) decreased. Kinetin diminished the increase in thylakoid-bound PU and SD and almost completely abolished the decrease of the bound SM. These data suggest different roles of PU/SD and SM in thylakoid degradation. Immunodetection of transglutaminases (TGase) in thylakoid fraction revealed three bands of 33, 58 and 78 kDa. During senescence the intensity of all bands increased and it was correlated with an increase in TGase activity. Kinetin down-regulated the accumulation of the 58- and 78-kDa TGases and the TGase activity. We postulate that formation of covalent bonds between PAs and proteins by TGase is involved in chloroplast senescence. The kinetin-mediated preservation of low TGase levels and activity throughout leaf senescence may represent an important component of the mechanism of kinetin action in the retardation of leaf senescence.
This report deals with the effect of kinetin on the greening process, in relation to endogenous free polyamine levels and their metabolism in cucumber cotyledons. The kinetin response on free polyamine levels was found to be accompanied by an increase in free putrescine throughout the greening process. There was no significant difference in spermidine and spermine levels between control (water-treated) and kinetin-treated cotyledons; however, a slight increase in spermidine level, which was higher in control was observed at 4 h. In order to examine the action of kinetin on polyamine metabolism, particularly spermidine synthesis, the effect of kinetin on the level of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase mRNA and its enzyme activity were studied. First, an increase in the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase transcript level was observed at 30 min of illumination in water and kinetin-treated cotyledons, and next, the transcript decreased and was restored again at 2 h in kinetin-treated cotyledons and at 4 h in the control. This is the first report that demonstrates the light and kinetin regulation of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase transcript level. The highest S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity was observed at 2 h of illumination, and it was higher in control when compared to kinetin-treated cotyledons. Spermidine and spermine levels observed in kinetin-treated cotyledons at 4 h of illumination may partly be a result of: lower S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity inhibited by kinetin and/or higher by about 35% on kinetin polyamine oxidase activity. Experiments with methylglyoxal-bis (guanylhydrazone) and dicyclohexylamine showed that both spermidine synthesis inhibitors depressed chlorophyll accumulation in the greening cucumber cotyledons. Additionally, these results, indirectly confirm that polyamines may play some role in the greening process stimulated by kinetin.
The levels of polyamines (PAs), proline (Pro), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as well as the activity of diamine oxidase (DAO; EC 1.4.3.6) were studied in the roots of 2-day-old lupine (Lupinus luteus L. ‘Juno’) seedlings treated with 200 mM NaCl for 24 h. The effect of adding 1 mM aminoguanidine (AG), an inhibitor of DAO activity, was also analyzed. It was found that in roots of lupine seedlings growing under salt stress, a negative correlation between Pro accumulation and putrescine (Put) content takes place. Pro level increased in roots by about 160% and, at the same time, Put content decreased by about 60%, as a result of ca. twofold increase of DAO activity. The AG added to the seedlings almost totally inhibited the activity of DAO, increased Put accumulation to control level, decreased Pro content by about 25%, and reduced GABA level by about 22%. Addition of 50 mM GABA to the lupine seedlings growing in the presence of AG and NaCl restored Pro content in roots to its level in NaCl-treated plants. In this research, the clear correlation between Put degradation and GABA and Pro accumulation was shown for the first time in the roots of seedlings growing under salt stress. This could be considered as a short-term response of a plant to high salt concentration. Our findings indicate that during intensive Pro accumulation in roots induced by salt stress, the pool of this amino acid is indirectly supported by GABA production as a result of Put degradation.
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