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The available literature on the subject is discussed; the author mentions, among others, that his studies have demonstrated the multiplication of T. gondii inside the cells of the intestinal epithelium and in the haemocytes of body lice.
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Arachnids pose two types of occupational hazard, mainly affecting agricultural and forestry workers. The first type is associated with bites of ticks, mites and spiders resulting in a local skin inflammation, systemic symptoms due to intoxication and the transmission of pathogenic viruses or bacteria, mainly caused by tick vectors. The second type is associated with the exposure to storage mites which cause asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in farmers and grain workers.
Leptospirosis is a widespread although recently neglected zoonosis recognized worldwide. The disease seems to be underestimated, especially in countries located in the temperate climatic zone. The presented article concerns the main characteristics of leptospirosis and describes formerly known and recently observed environmental, occupational and recreational risk factors significant in the spreading and pathogenesis of the disease. The aspects of epidemiology significant in the temperate climatic zone are emphasized. The majority of cited articles present cases of the disease reported from Europe or North America. Climatic changes (warming) and extreme weather events such as floods are potential risk factors of leptospirosis. Also, some socio-economic phenomena, such as the intensive migration of people resulting in the transfer of the infections acquired in tropical countries, or worsening of economic status in the cities, increase the probability of disease. Apart from the danger connected with rodents, which are the main vectors of leptospires, occurrence of the disease in dogs and cats can generate a higher risk of infection for humans. Infections may also be acquired during various types of agricultural work and during recreational activities, such as swimming. The results of recent investigations show that ticks are also potential vectors of leptospires. The more frequent emergence of leptospirosis in countries located in the temperate climatic zone emphasize the need to verify knowledge related to the risk of its appearance, and to consider this disease during diagnostic processes.
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Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a complex disease process connected with cardiovascular system as well as other organs and skeletal muscles. In connection with the above, cardiac rehabilitation, consisting of exercise training and diet supplementation, aims at recovery of physical, social and psychic function and removing risk factors influencing the occurrence of circulatory system diseases. Evidence has shown that exercise training in CHF patients, both aerobic and resistance, can increase peak oxygen consumption and exercise capacity, improve NYHA (New York Heart Association) functional class, reduce mortality and improve the quality of life. Evidence suggests that most improvement is due to the effects of training on the peripheral circulation and skeletal muscle, rather than on the heart itself. Exercise training can improve skeletal muscle metabolism, increase blood flow within the active skeletal muscles, increase capillary density, promote the synthesis and release of nitric oxide, improve angiogenesis, and decrease oxidative stress. Physical effort reduces sympathetic arousal and increases parasympathetic arousal, thus reducing cardiac dysrythmia and ischemia. Mitochondria start working harder, as the demand for energy is higher and electron flow provides energy in the form of ATP. Studies have consistently demonstrated that exercise training is safe and has no deleterious effect on central haemodynamics, left ventricular remodeling, systolic or diastolic function, or myocardial metabolism. Taking several supplements that have documented roles in medical therapy, including vitamins B, C and E, coenzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid, chromium, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, L-carnitine, and quercetin, has beneficiary effect on many diseases, including CHF. In our experience, 19 patients with CHF who undertook resistance (weight) training and food supplementation, returned to their normal activities after 4 months, without any complaints.
A total of 107 potable water samples were collected from various rural and urban sources located in the Lublin region (eastern Poland). 54 samples from rural sources comprised 32 samples of untreated well water and 22 samples of treated (chlorinated) tap water from rural dwellings distributed by the municipal water supply system (MWSS). 53 samples of treated water from urban sources were supplied by the city of Lublin MWSS. They comprised: 11 samples of tap water from offices and shops, 8 samples of tap water from dwellings, 19 samples from showerheads in health care units, and 15 samples from the outlets of medical appliances used for hydrotherapy in a rehabilitation centre. Water samples were examined for the presence and species composition of Legionella, Yersinia, Gram-negative bacteria belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae (GNB-E) and Gram-negative bacteria not belonging to family Enterobacteriaceae (GNB-NE), by filtering through cellulose filters and culture on respectively GVPC, CIN, EMB and tryptic soya agar media. Legionella was recovered from samples of well water, tap water from rural dwellings, tap water from urban dwellings, and water from medical appliances - with the isolation frequency of 27.8-50.0%, and the low concentrations ranging from 0.7-13.3 x 101 cfu/l. No Legionella strains were detected in tap water from offices and shops, and in water from showerheads in health care units. Strains of the Legionella pneumophila types 2-14 predominated, forming 89.9% of total Legionella isolates, while other species of Legionella formed 10.1%. Neither Legionella pneumophila type 1 strains nor Yersinia strains were isolated from the examined water samples. The isolation frequency and mean concentration of GNB-E in water samples from rural sources was significantly greater than in water samples from urban sources (respectively 61.1% vs. 20.8%, 17.1 vs. 3.4 x 101 cfu/l, p<0.001). Isolation frequency of GNB-NE in water samples from rural sources was significantly greater compared to that from urban sources (77.8% vs. 47.2%, p<0.01), but there was no significant difference in the concentration of GNB-NE in both sample sets. A significant correlation was found between concentrations of Legionella and GNB-NE for total MWSS water samples (p<0.001), but not for the total well water samples. Altogether 34 GNB-E and GNB-NE species and/or genera were identified in the examined samples, out of which 21 were potentially pathogenic. Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Serratia spp., and Pantoea agglomerans were most common among GNB-E, while Acinetobacter spp. and species of Pseudomonadaceae family predominated among GNB-NE.
The aim of the study was to determine the seasonal variability of the airborne microflora in a hospital ward of the pneumonological department, with regard to potential impact on respiratory status of asthmatic patients hospitalized in the ward. Microbiological air sampling was carried out for a period of 1 year from June–May, during work-days, 16-21 days per month. Each day, the air samples were collected twice: in the morning at 09:00 and in the afternoon at 13:00. Air samples were taken with a custom-designed particle-sizing slit sampler enabling estimations of both total and respirable fractions of the microbial aerosol. Air samples for determination of bacteria were taken on blood agar and air samples for determination of fungi were taken on Sabouraud agar. Mean monthly concentrations of total microorganisms (bacteria + fungi) in the air of the examined hospital ward were between 296.1–529.9 cfu/m3. Mean monthly concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged from 257.1–436.3 cfu/m3, with peak values in November and May and the lowest values from December to February. Mean monthly concentrations of airborne fungi showed much greater variation than bacteria and ranged from 9.9–96.1 cfu/m3 with the very distinct peak in November and the lowest value in May. The variations in monthly concentrations of total microorganisms, bacteria and fungi in the air of hospital ward were statistically significant (p<0.001). The concentrations of total airborne microorganisms, bacteria and fungi recorded in the hospital in the morning were significantly greater compared to those recorded in the afternoon (p<0.01). The mean monthly values of respirable fraction for total microorganisms were within a range of 17.3-44.4%, for bacteria within a range of 17.2-44.8%, and for fungi within a range of 2.2-39.1%. The most common microorganisms in the air of the examined ward were Gram-positive cocci which accounted for 31.4-46.4% of the total count. Gram-negative bacteria and corynebacteria were less numerous, forming respectively 11.8-27.5% and 9.6-20.0% of the total count. Endospore-forming bacilli and actinomycetes occurred in small proportions, respectively 0.3-3.2% and 0-2.0% of the total count. Fungi formed 7.6-42.5% of the total count. The prevailing species was Aspergillus fumigatus which constituted on average 77.0% of total fungal strains isolated from the air of the hospital ward. A significant decrease of spirographic indices (VC, FEV1) in asthmatic patients hospitalized in the ward, at increase of the concentration of airborne bacteria and/or fungi, was found in 9 out of 24 examined patients (37.5%) and in 19 out of 192 analysed single relationships (9.9%). In conclusion, although bacteria and fungi occurred in the air of the examined hospital ward in relatively low numbers (of the order 102 cfu/m3 and 101 cfu/m3 respectively), they should be considered as a possible cause of asthma exacerbations in some patients because of the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus and other potentially pathogenic species.
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