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The developmental and chemical variability between and within two populations of Hierochloë australis originating from different regions of Poland - Podlasie (Koryciny) and Masuria (Babięta) were investigatet. Fifteen plants were taken from each of both natural sites. As a result of their vegetative propagation, fifteen clones representing each population were obtained. The mass of herb and the content of coumarin in herb were determined in the first year of their cultivation (one cut) and in the second one (two cuts). Both between and within population a clear diversity concerning the mass of herb was observed. The content of coumarin in herb did not depend on the place of plant origin. A variability within population concerning the content of this compound was higher in the first year of vegetation as compared to the second one. The highest coumarin content was determined in the herb of the second cut in the second year of cultivation.
The chemical composition of the herb of four populations of common burstwort (Herniaria glabra L.) growing wild in the middle part of the Bug river valley was compared. The investigated populations differed significantly as to the content of saponins (3.47-5.29 g/100 g), tannins (0.75- 1.40 g/100 g) and flavonoids (620.7-1071.9 mg/100 g), but only slightly in the content of polyphenolic acids (0.64-0.84 g/100 g). The predominant phenolic acids turned out to be pyrocatechuic and p- hydroxybenzoic acids, and the main flavonoid compounds were isorhamnetin 3-rhamnoglucoside and rutin.
Southern sweet-grass (Hierochloë australis /Schrad./ Roem. & Schult.) is a perennial, wild growing tuft grass occurring in North-East Poland, Belarus and Finland. In Poland the species is under the partial legal protection. The raw material harvested from this plant are leaves rich in coumarins, mainly in coumarin responsible for specific sweet aroma of leaves. They are used mostly for the aromatization of alcohol and tobacco products. Due to high demand for the raw material and decrease in the natural resources of the species, it is advisable to introduce the plant into cultivation. In the presented study vegetative planting stock (1-, 2-, and 4-stem cuttings) were used to set the plantation of southern sweet-grass. The influence of the planting stock type on the mass of leaves and their quality in the first and second year of plant vegetation as well as the mass of seeds from two-year-old plants were investigated. The highest number of well rooted plants was obtained from 4-stem cuttings (74.07%) and the least – from 1-stem cuttings (47.53%). Both, on one- and two-year-old plantations the plants from 4-stem cuttings were characterized by the highest mass of leaves (7.73 and 24.65 g × plant-1, respectively). The plants were also characterized by the highest number of generative shoots (40.71 pcs. × plant-1) and mass of seeds (4.62 g × plant-1). The total contents of coumarins and phenolic acids did not depend on the type of planting stock. The contents of these compounds was higher in two-year-old plants than in one-year-old ones, whereas the content of flavonoids was higher in one-year-old plants.
Southern sweet-grass (Poaceae) rarely occurs in Polish coniferous or mixed forests. Leaves of this plant, rich in coumarin compounds, are mainly used as a flavouring raw material in alcohol, tobacco and cosmetic industry. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of shading on the yield and quality of southern sweet-grass. The experiment was established at the certificated organic field of Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants. The sunlight was reduced up to 50 and 70% by using shading nets. The object of experiment was two-year-old plants grown on the alluvial soil. Leaves were harvested two times: in mid-May and in the last week of August (regrowth). The highest yield of leaves was observed at 50% of shading. The shaded plants were characterized by higher content of coumarin and 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and lower content of bergapten in comparison to non-shaded ones. In the leaves five phenolic acids and two flavonoids were identified.
Southern sweet-grass is a perennial grass distributed through north-eastern Europe. In Poland, this rare, partially protected plant grows wild in well-lit coniferous or mixed forests. Its leaves, rich in coumarin compounds, are used for aromatization of alcohols. Taking into account high demand on this raw material and decrease in the number of southern sweetgrass populations it is recommended to introduce the plant into cultivation systems. In this study 12 populations of southern sweet-grass were selected and assessed in terms of their cultivation usefulness. The presence of associated plant species growing on its natural sites was investigated as well as light irradiance on those stands. The species was found in 3 types of forest communities. Air dry mass of leaves per plant varied in analyzed populations from 1.73 to 11.07 g. They were significantly diversified in the total content of coumarins (0.36–0.96%), flavonoids (0.09–0.26%) and polyphenolic acids (0.13–0.29%). The diversity concerning the content of coumarin, a quality indicator of leaves, was even higher. The content of this compound varied from 52.03 to 275.74 mg/100 g d. m. Among the analyzed populations, the most interesting seem to be population No. 12 (Jedwabno) and population No. 10 (Ruciane) characterized with relatively high mass of leaves and the highest content of the identified active compounds, including coumarin.
W pracy określono zmienność genetyczną i chemiczną 7 populacji śliwy tarniny, występujących na terenie wschodniej Polski (Podlasia i Bieszczad). Poza różnicami genetycznymi stwierdzono znaczne zróżnicowanie w składzie chemicznym surowców badanych populacji. Wyższą zawartość flawonoidów odnotowano w kwiatach pochodzących z Bieszczad, zaś kwiaty populacji podlaskich zawierały więcej fenolokwasów. W populacjach podlaskich największy udział spośród zidentyfikowanych flawonoidów miał rutozyd, natomiast w Bieszczadach - 3-glukozyd izoramnetyny.
Southern sweet-grass (Hierochloë australis /Schrad./ Roem. & Schult., Poaceae), commonly known as a bison grass, is a perennial tuft grass rarely occurring in mixed forests in Eastern and Northern Europe. The raw material collected from this plant are leaves rich in coumarin compounds (especially coumarin) responsible for sweet, specific aroma of these organs. In Poland, southern sweet-grass leaves are used mainly for alcohol products aromatisation. Growing demand for the raw material results in uncontrolled and excessive collecting of this plant. The best way to solve this problem is to introduce this plant into cultivation. Since southern sweet-grass is allogamous and heterozigotic, strong intraspecific variability of the species is observed. Fourteen clones of selected individuals from one population of southern sweet-grass naturally occurring in East Poland were compared in respect of morphological traits as well as accumulation of biologically active compounds. The clones differed significantly in the weight of leaves (3.76–22.59 g of air-dry weight per plant). The total coumarin content (determined by a spectrophotometric method) in this raw material for investigated clones ranged from 1.49 to 1.94%, flavonoids – from 0.25 to 0.55%, and phenolic acids – from 0.20 to 0.42%. Three coumarin compounds were identified by HPLC, namely coumarin, 3,4-dihydrocoumarin, and o-coumaric acid. The content of coumarin ranged from 84.00 to 310.85, 3,4-dihydrocoumarin: from 17.80 to 168.45, and o-coumaric acid: from 37.50 to 70.00 mg · 100 g-1 dry matter.
The content and composition of sterol compounds in wild growing great burnet (Sanguisorba officinalis L.) populations were determined. The herb and underground organs of this plant were collected from 10 natural sites in Poland. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 5 sterol compounds, namely β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol D-glucoside, campesterol, brassicasterol and stigmasterol in these raw materials. Among them, β-sitosterol Dglucoside was dominant one. The herb was richer in sterol compounds than underground organs. There were significant differences between the content of above mentioned compounds in these populations.
The aim of the study was an ex situ evaluation of morphological and chemical variability within the population of common avens. Plant height, number of shoots, stage of generative development (number of flower buds, flowers, and fruits), as well as weight of herb and underground organs were determined. In the raw materials total content of tannins and content of particular phenolic compounds identified by HPLC was determined. In underground organs also content of eugenol – the dominant constituent of essential oil was assessed. High diversity of morphological traits (especially weight of herb and underground organs) and the content of determined compounds (especially in herb) was found. Above- and underground organs differed in the composition and content of phenolic compounds. Underground organs were characterised by higher content of flavan-3-ols, but they did not contain chlorogenic acid, which was the dominant phenolic compound in herb.
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