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In a study conducted at the Research Station of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, weed occurrence in living mulches maintained in apple tree rows of ‘Pinova’ cv. was assessed during the first seven years after sowing. The trees were planted in spring 2004 (3.5 × 1.2 m). In the same year, living mulches: colonial bent grass, white clover and French marigold, were sown into 1 m wide tree rows. Blue fescue, the only perennial cover crop with herbicide application against dicot weeds once in the second year after sowing, was introduced in the second year after planting the trees to replace dwarf nasturtium which was sown in the year of orchard establishment. In the inter-row spaces, perennial grass was maintained. During the first seven years, variation in weeds was observed depending on living mulch. Multi-species weed infestation persisted throughout the study period only in the case of annually resown French marigold. Perennial living mulches were significantly suppressed the annual weeds. Significant suppression of Taraxacum officinale Web. was found where the soil surface was covered by perennial grass sod in more than ¾. The maintenance of blue fescue resulted in significantly lower average soil coverage by Elymus repens (L.) Gould; the growth of this weed significantly contributed to the reduction of white clover sod and French marigold plants.
In 1993–2002 relationship between air temperature and phenology the beginning of vegetation and blooming period was investigated in Wrocław area. Linear correlation coefficient between first leaf appearance and the beginning of blooming was significant. The number of warm days (> 10°C) in the 3rd decade of March affected the length of blooming period and significantly increased pollination. During flowering the number of days with temperature over 5° and 10°C also prolonged the blooming period, however increased number of warm days (> 15°C) shortend the end of blooming phase.
The preliminary studies were conducted in the years 2006-2008 at the Fruit Experimental Station of Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences. One year old trees of Harcot, Hargrand and Bergeron cultivars grafted on Pumiselect® vegetative rootstock were planted in spring 2006, at a spacing of 4.0 x 3.2 m (780 trees∙ha-1). The experiment was established in a randomized block design in 4 replications with 3 (ʻBergeronʼ) or 4 (‘Harcot’, ‘Hargrand’) trees per plot. The trees of all estimated cultivars started cropping in the third year after planting but the obtained yields were not too high. ‘Harcot’ and ‘Bergeron’ produced only some fruits. The significantly highest crop per tree and largest fruit were recorded for ‘Hargrand’. ‘Bergeron’ trees produced clearly the smallest sized apricots. ‘Harcot’ proved to be the most vigorous cultivar. The weakest growth was noted for ‘Bergeron’. The highest per cent of dead trees was observed for ‘Hargrand’, the lowest one for ‘Harcot’. However ‘Harcot’ showed to be very susceptible to bark and wood diseases. ‘Bergeron’ fruits were very susceptible to peach scab.
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