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The aim of the present study was to characterize and identify powdery mildew resistance genes in Polish common oat cultivars using host-pathogen tests. A differential set of six Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae isolates virulent or avirulent to four cultivars and one line that has known resistance to powdery mildew were used. Among the investigated cultivars, only four of them (13.3%) had resistance patterns similar to genotypes belonging to the differential set. The resistance of OMR group 1 was found in the cultivar ‘Dragon’, while that of OMR2 in the cultivar ‘Skrzat’. The cultivars ‘Deresz’ and ‘Hetman’ showed a resistance pattern that corresponded with OMR group 3. The resistance corresponding to OMR4 was not found, which suggests that until now this gene has not been used in Polish oat breeding programmes. The cultivar ‘Canyon’ had a different pattern of resistance than the genotypes that have already known OMR genes, which indicates that the resistance of this cultivar is determined by a new gene or a combination of known genes.
Powdery mildew in common oat is caused by Blumeria graminis DC. f.sp. avenae Em. Marchal. Host-pathogen tests are commonly used to identify and locate resistance genes to powdery mildew in cereals. The aim of the study was to determine the virulence of powdery mildew isolates obtained from powdery mildew populations harvested in Poland and to identify OMR1, OMR2 and OMR3 resistance genes to powdery mildew in F2 populations of inter-cultivar hybrids of common oat: Bruno × Fuchs, Jumbo × Fuchs and Mostyn × Fuchs. On the basis of the analysis conducted, isolates enabling division of the studied populations into groups of resistant and susceptible plants were selected. M10 and M14 isolates were chosen for the population which was obtained from crossbreeding of ‘Bruno’ with ‘Fuchs’; these isolates demonstrated avirulence to Bruno cultivar containing OMR1 gene. In order to divide population obtained from crossbreeding of ‘Jumbo’ with ‘Fuchs’, M13 and M16 isolates were chosen; they demonstrated avirulence to the cultivar Jumbo containing the OMR2 gene. On the basis of the tests conducted, it was impossible to select isolates characterised by avirulence to the OMR3 gene. In the F2 population of Bruno × Fuchs and Jumbo × Fuchs hybrids, a division was made into resistant and susceptible plants. The obtained results were verified by the 2 test; the proportion in the dispersion matching model was found to be 3 resistant plants: 1 sensitive plant both in the Bruno × Fuchs and Jumbo × Fuchs populations. Such dispersion indicated that the resistance to powdery mildew in the studied cultivars Bruno and Jumbo was conditioned by single dominant genes.
DNA markers are used not only to estimate genetic similarity and distance but also to select and identify desirable forms, to assess the adjustment of breeding material, to confirm crossbreeding efficiency, to determine seed purity, and to identify the genes which determine important functional traits. In the case of oat, DNA markers were used to construct and increase the density of genetic maps both in hexaploid and diploid species. The development of markers for some important traits provides a fast selection of genotypes containing dwarf genes as well as the resistance genes to crown rust and powdery mildew. Numerous analyses of genetic similarity between different species belonging to the genus Avena which are currently carried out may contribute to explaining the process of evolution within this genus and may also explain the development of particular species of oat.
Celem pracy była ocena zróżnicowania genetycznego materiałów kolekcyjnych pszenżyta ozimego za pomocą markerów RAPD. Do badań wybrano 24 genotypy (rody hodowlane i odmiany) pochodzące z różnych rejonów świata, u których na podstawie wieloletnich badań i analiz statystycznych stwierdzono stabilność cech plonotwórczych. Spośród wstępnie przeanalizowanych 50 starterów RAPD do oceny polimorfizmu wybrano 9. Startery te amplifikowały łącznie 81 fragmentów DNA, z czego 56 (69,13%) stanowiły fragmenty polimorficzne. Średnia wartość indeksów podobieństwa genetycznego badanych genotypów wynosiła 0,81 i wahała się od 0,76 (pomiędzy odmianą Pinokio i pozostałymi obiektami) do 0,91 (pomiędzy rodem LAD 671 i mieszańcem Alzo × LAD 122/90). Odmiana Pinokio charakteryzowała się największym dystansem genetycznym do wszystkich badanych genotypów, zaś rody hodowlane: LAD 671, DED 1556/90 i mieszaniec Alzo × LAD 122/90 oraz odmiana Bolero wykazały się największym podobieństwem w porównaniu do pozostałych genotypów. Otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że mimo zróżnicowanego pochodzenia geograficznego stabilne pod względem cech plonotwórczych materiały kolekcyjne pszenżyta ozimego charakteryzują się niewielkim zróżnicowaniem genetycznym.
The objectives of this study was to assess the of genetic similarity and identification of 13 wild species and 7 cultivars of chamomile using RAPD markers. 53 RAPD primers were screened, only 12 produced polymorphic and repeatable fragments. In total, all primers used produced 157 fragments out of which 149 were polymorphic. The RAPDbased genetic similarity was estimated. Genetic similarity matrix was applied for cluster analysis through UPGM A method. On the dendrogram, only genotypes from Austria, Czech Republic as weel as genotypes collected in area of Lublin were grouped together. The remaining genotypes from the same area were located in different groups. Present study demonstrated that RAPD markers provided a practical and effective method not only to evaluate the genetic similarity and relationships but also to identify chamomile genotypes.
Crown rust is a commonly occurring fungal disease of oat caused by Puccicnia coronata Cda. F.sp. avenae P. Syd. & Syd. Oat crop loss caused by this pathogen ranged to 50%. The most effective, economical and environmentally friendly method for controlling crown rust is growing resistant cultivars. The aim of presented study was characteristic of polish oat cultivars. Objectives of presented study were 78 oat cultivars collected in Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology University of Life Science in Lublin. The host-pathogen tests were carried out on the first leaves of 10 days old seedlings using PK2010 isolate. Obtained results shown that 3 oat cultivars (Borowiak, Celer and Krezus) were resistant to PK2010 isolate in seedling stage. However, only Borowiak and Celer were resistant also in adult plant stage. The rest of cultivars showed a susceptible or intermediate infection type.
Rdza brunatna powodowana przez grzyb Puccinia recondita ROB. ex DESM f. sp. tritici ERIKS. et HENN. jest jedną z najgroźniejszych chorób pszenicy. Najskuteczniejszą metodą kontrolowania i ograniczania skutków porażenia przez choroby grzybowe, jest wprowadzenie do uprawy odmian z genetycznie uwarunkowaną odpornością. Celem badań była identyfikacja za pomocą markerów DNA (STS, SCAR) genów odporności na rdzę brunatną Lr19, Lr21 i Lr35 w odmianach pszenicy zwyczajnej zrejonizowanych w Polsce oraz liniach hodowlanych. Wyizolowane DNA poddano amplifikacji z wykorzystaniem metod STS-PCR i SCAR. Po wykonaniu analiz DNA spośród badanych form, obecność genu odporności na rdzę brunatną Lr19 stwierdzono w jednej odmianie (Ostka Strzelecka) i 38 liniach hodowlanych. We wszystkich badanych odmianach i liniach stwierdzono produkty amplifikacji o wielkości 774 pz wskazujące na obecność allelu recesywnego lr21. Spośród analizowanych linii w 29 stwierdzono obecność genu Lr35. Uzyskane wyniki nie potwierdziły obecności tego genu w żadnej z badanych odmian pszenicy zwyczajnej.
Arnica montana L. is one of the most important herbal plants used in medicine, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The number of studies performed with molecular markers on arnica genotypes is very limited. Because of this fact the aims of presented examination were optimization of protocols DNA isolation from fresh leaves of A. montana and identification of genetic diversity among this plant genotypes. In presented study to obtain pure DNA Plant & Fungi DNA Purification Kit (EURx) were used. To clean obtained DNA long and slow electrophoresis and isolation DNA from gels were used. A. montana genotypes were analyzed using 40 RAPD primers (Operon Technologies), out of which 12 produced high number of polymorphic and repeatable fragments. In total, selected primers produced 120 fragments, among them 111 (92.5%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity matrices were produced based on RAPD using the Dice’s coefficient. RAPD based genetic similarity was estimated between 0.535 and 0.945. The highest genetic similarity was estimated among GA17 and GA18 genotypes, which are closely located on the obtained dendrogramme.
Celem niniejszej pracy było przeprowadzenie wstępnej selekcji starterów RAPD amplifikujących polimorficzne produkty dla odmian owsa zwyczajnego zawierających różne geny OMR (Oat Mildew Resistance), identyfikacja potencjalnych markerów dla genów odporności oraz ocena podobieństwa genetycznego analizowanych odmian w oparciu o markery RAPD. Z wstępnie przeanalizowanych 100 starterów RAPD do badań wybrano 8 generujących stabilne i polimorficzne wzory prążków. Całkowita liczba uzyskanych fragmentów wynosiła 67, w tym 25 polimorficznych. Zidentyfikowano jedynie 3 produkty specyficzne dla poszczególnych odmian. Nie stwierdzono amplifikacji fragmentów, które można by rozpatrywać jako potencjalne markery dla genów odporności. Średnie podobieństwo genetyczne określone pomiędzy parami wszystkich badanych form wyniosło 0,928. Na podstawie matryc indeksów podobieństwa genetycznego wykonano analizę skupień metodą średnich połączeń UPGMA. Nie zaobserwowano wspólnej klasteryzacji form posiadających te same geny odporności.
The present study was carried out in the years 2006– 2008 in the Bezek Experimental Farm (University of Life Sciences, Lublin). A two-factor field experiment was set up according to a randomized block design, in three replications. The experimental field was situated on medium heavy mixed rendzina developed from chalk rock with medium dusty loam granulometric composition. The soil was characterised by neutral pH, a very high content of P (342.1) and K (278.9) along with a very low level of magnesium (16.0 mg􀂉 kg-1 of soil) and organic carbon (over 3.5%). The aim of this research was to compare the effect of three herbicide doses and two foliar fertilizers applied in a winter wheat canopy on weed infestation. The herbicides Mustang 306 SE 0.4 l􀂉 ha-1 and Attribut 70 WG 60 g􀂉 ha-1 were applied at full recommended doses as well as at doses reduced to 75% and 50%. Foliar fertilizers Insol 3 (1 1􀂉 ha-1) and FoliCare (20 kg􀂉 ha-1) were applied at full recommended doses twice in the growing season BBCH* development stage 23-25* and 33-35*). The control was not treated with the herbicides and foliar fertilizers. The weed infestation level was determined by means of the quantitative gravimetric method at two dates: the first one 6 weeks after herbicide application and the second one – before harvest. The number of weed individuals was counted; species composition and air-dry biomass of aboveground parts were estimated from randomly selected areas of 1 m􀂉 0.25 m at four sites on each plot. Galium aparine and Apera spica-venti plants were sampled for molecular analysis 6 weeks after herbicide application (the treatments with the full herbicide dose, a 50% dose and the control without herbicides). The density of weeds and weed air-dry weight were statistically analysed by means of variance analysis, and the mean values were estimated with Tukey’s confidence intervals (p=0.05). It was found that the number of weeds and air-dry weight of weeds in the control treatment were significantly higher in comparison with the herbicide treated plots. The application of different herbicide doses did not differentiate significantly the weed infestation level in the winter wheat canopy. Galium aparine, Papaver rhoeas, Viola arvensis and Apera spica-ventiwere dominant weed species in the winter wheat canopy. Foliar application of fertilizers did not influence the weed infestation level in the crop canopy. Molecular analysis showed that herbicide application did not affect genetic variation in the populations of Galium aparine and Apera spica-venti.
The study determined the morphological and genetic diversity among nine cultivars of peppermint (Mentha × piperita L.): ‘Almira’, ‘Asia’, ‘Chocolate’, ‘Citaro’, ‘Granada’, ‘Grapefruit’, ‘Multimentha’, ‘Swiss’ and ‘Variegata’. The leaves of the peppermint cultivars were characterized by substantial variation in morphology and size. The leaves of ‘Multimenth’, ‘Grapefruit‘ and ‘Swiss’ were largest, and those of ‘Swiss’ were considerably elongated. The ‘Almira’ cultivar had the smallest leaves. Although similar leaf morphology was observed in ‘Asia’, ‘Citaro’ and ‘Chocolate’, in ‘Grapefruit’ and ‘Multimentha’ and in ‘Swiss’ and ‘Variegata’, no two cultivars were the same in this respect. Differentiation of tested peppermint cultivars were also confirmed at genetic level. Genetic diversity among tested cultivars ranged from 0.388 to 0.846. The most different were cultivars Almira and Citaro.
Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch. is a wide known herbal plant which has many medical attributes and find applications in pharmacy, nutritional and sanitary industries. Estimating genetic diversity in population is very important to protect variety of chamomile species. The objective of this study was characterization of chamomile germplasm using ISSR markers. Among 20 screened ISSR primers, only 5 produced polymorphic and repeatable fragments. In total primers produced 48 fragments out of which 41 (85.4%) were polymorphic. The average PIC value for the amplification products was 0.340. Based on ISSR markers the genetic similarity matrices were produced. The mean genetic similarity was calculated at 0.653. Present study demonstrated that ISSR markers provided a practical and effective method to evaluate the genetic similarity and relationships of chamomile genotypes. Analyzed chamomile genotypes were characterized by quite high genetic similarity; it suggested that there is necessity to find new sources of genetic diversity in chamomile in wild populations.
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