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Dendritic cells were generated from the monocytes, which were separated from the blood with the use of monoclonal antibodies and immunomagnetic separation. The monocytes were cultivated in cell culture in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF. Their morphology changed towards dendritic cells after 24 h, as was observed in the light and scanning electron microscopes. The generation of dendritic cells from monocytes may provide adequate numbers of cells in clinical studies and prophylaxis.
Foetal lamb cells cocultivated with leukocytes of leukaemic cattle were passaged in monolayer from 2 to 35 passages. The degeneration signs in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cells were observed following this cycle of multiplication. Generally, 43 passages of these cultures were conducted. The presence of the bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) in selected passages of these cells was confirmed by the syncytial test, PCR reaction and by electron microscopy. The presence of the virus structural proteins in the supernatant of the cell culture was confirmed by an agar gel immunodiffision test and by the immunoblot method.
The total usefulness of the nested PCR method in the detection of infections of cattle with BLV has been confirmed. The efficiency of DNA amplification of BLV with the PCR method was studied in 162 cows from 2 farms. These investigations were conducted by the classic (standard) PCR method with ZM2/ZM3 exterior primers and by the nested PCR method with ZM4/ZM5 interior primers. The DNA product amplification of the first primers was 340 pb, while second primers - 218 pb. The control of genetic material of BLV showed 58 (58.5%) positive results by the standard PCR and 87 (87.8%) positive results by the nested PCR, in 99 cows of the L farm with 54 of ELISA positive results. A number of positive results with standard PCR was 33 (52.3%) and 60 (95.2%) with nested PCR method in the P farm, where the sorological control showed 100% ELISA positive results. It should be stressed that among 45 of ELISA negative results, 9 (20%) positive results with standard PCR and 32 (71.1%) with nested PCR method were demonstrated. These results have underlined the high usefulness of nested PCR method and of using the whole blood of infected cows in the control of BLV infection.
The investigation of proviral DNA by the use of the nested-PCR revealed three Times more positive results than the detection of antibodies by ELISA. Examination of DNA isolated from the whole blood of cattle with the starters ZM2, ZM3 and ZM4, ZM5 of env gene of BLV showed 100% positive results on the farm G and 63.3% on the farm K. All the 15 negative results in ELISA proved to be positive by nested-PCR. The amplification product from the cattle DNA isolated from blood samples was seen as a single band of high intensity corresponding to a product size of 218 pb.
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Whole blood samples from 73 animals from a dairy herd infected with BLV were used for detection of proviral DNA by means of PCR technique. At the beginning 24 cows were examined with primer set ZM1/ZM2. Seven out of 13 ELISA-positive animals –were PCR-positive too and 3 were PCR-positive among 11 serologically negative. Due to unsatisfactory results the rest of the samples were tested with a second primer set ZM2/ZM3. In this study 20 cows out of 25 ELISA-positive were PCR-positive and 8 out of 24 seronegative cows were PCR-positive. The findings of seronegative PCR-positive and seropositive PCR-negative cattle indicate that further work is needed. We plan to use the nested PCR because this technique seems to be more specific and sensitive.
In situ PCR was developed for the detection of proviral DNA of bovine leukaemia virus in paraffin embedded tissues, tissue smears of experimentally inoculated sheep, as well in peripheral blood leukocytes of naturally infected cattle. The liver, spleen, lung, heart, kidney, and lymph node were collected from two infected sheep, which died or were euthanized due to lymphosarcoma and persistent lymphocytosis, respectively. Peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) were isolated from eleven cattle serologically positive for BLV. The presence of proviral DNA was confirmed in all paraffin embedded tissue sections and tissue smears as well in all PBLs preparations. In situ PCR results agreed 100% with those of provirus detection using conventional PCR. Newly developed in situ PCR would be recommended as a method to differentiate between EBL and other lymphosarcomas of unknown aetiology.
Epithelial cells (MEC) were isolated from milk of four maedi-visna virus (MVV) infected and two uninfected ewes, cultured in vitro, and their epithelial nature was confirmed by immunocytochemistry with cytokeratin monoclonal antibodies. PCR analysis on MEC DNA confirmed the presence of proviral DNA in half cultures from infected animals. Expression of MVV proteins was shown both by immunocytochemistry using anti-p27 mAbs and by western blot with hyperimmune serum. Supernatants of MEC from infected ewes were showed to contain infectious viruses when assayed on the indicator goat synovial membrane cells (GSM). Furthermore, p27 protein was detected in supernatants of infected MEC suggesting active production of viral particles. No cytopathic effect was noted in MEC cultures from all infected animals; however, cocultivation of MEC with GSM promoted CPE development. These results suggested that MEC of ewes naturally infected with MW may play an important role in sustaining virus transmission through the milk.
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