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Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is a malignant neoplastic tumor, which develops from the primitive mesenchymal stem cell, that has or can acquire the capacity to produce neoplastic osteoid with possible neoplastic bone formation. Predisposition of some dog breeds to OSA indicates genetic background of oncogenesis. The aim of the study was to characterize animal-dependent risk factors for canine osteosarcoma development in Poland. The study was conducted on canine patients diagnosed cytologically or histopathologically as having OSA, and data on age, breed, sex, as well as tumor location and character were recorded. No sex predisposition to OSA was observed, mongrels were significantly underrepresented. Large and giant dogs accounted for 47% and 35% of all pedigree dogs, respectively, and both proved predisposed to OSA. A vast majority of OSA developed in the skeleton (appendicular skeleton was more commonly affected than axial skeleton), soft tissues were affected less often. Rottweiler dogs are strongly predisposed to OSA, suggesting that the genetic background is involved in the tumor development, and indicates that dogs of this breed are a promising object for further studies on OSA pathogenesis.
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Cytomorphometry of serosal effusion in dogs

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Cytomorphometry made on cytological slides is the quantitative method of precise analysis of cellular structures, including both cytoplasm and nucleus. The aim of this study was to describe cytomorphometric parameters of mesothelial cells in the course of benign reactive and malignant proliferation and to compare them to carcinomas and adenocarcinomas located within serosal cavities in dogs. The second aim was to evaluate applicability of cytomorphometry to diagnostics of diseases causing accumulation of effusion in serosal cavities. Cytological samples of normal and non-malignant mesothelium, mesothelioma and various carcinomas were collected from dogs. Cytomorphometry was made on the smears stained with Giemsa solution. Mean nuclear and cellular perimeter, mean nuclear and cellular area, mean nuclear and cellular diameter, and mean nuclear and cellular roundness were determined. Moreover, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio (N/C) was calculated. The data revealed statistically significant differences for all parameters, excluding mean nuclear perimeter, between compared groups. Normal mesothelium cells and their nuclei were significantly smaller and more elongated than cells and nuclei of both benign reactive and malignant neoplastic mesothelium. Only a few differences were observed between benign reactive mesothelium cells and mesothelioma cells – mean nuclear area and mean nuclear diameter of benign reactive mesothelium cells were significantly larger and N/C ratio was higher in comparison to mesothelioma cells. Even though some significant differences were observed, considerable overlap of these cytomorphometric parameters in animals with different diseases limited practical role of these observations. Cytomorphometric analysis of cellular samples collected from dogs with proliferative processes affecting serosal cavities can be only an auxiliary method increasing accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.
A nine year-old intact tomcat was admitted into the Clinic for Small Animals because of adipsia and oliguria, which had been persisting for several weeks. A few weeks earlier the cat was treated for a complicated skin wound. Nothing but moderate dehydratation was discovered in clinical examination. For a more detailed examination of the animal’s status, blood and urine were collected for a basic check-up. All parameters were within reference values apart from mild hyponatremia. A non-specific course of the disease and blood check results aroused suspicion of feline hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s disease). ACTH stimulation test was conducted. It revealed a failure to respond to exogenous ACTH administration, thus confirminh the initial diagnosis. An X-ray of the thorax and ultrasonography of the abdomen displayed no pathological alterations. Antibiotics and a temporary subcutaneous fluid therapy with 0.9% saline were implemented so as to restore proper hydration and electrolyte balance. Then a chronic therapy with prednisone (Encorton 5 mg) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight and fludrocortisone (Cortineff 0.1 mg) 0.05 mg/animal was applied. Over 16 months have passed since the primary diagnosis was made. During that time the health status of the cat has remained satisfactory apart from a temporary deterioration due to the appearance of a strong stressing agent, which necessitated the application of a short course of fluid therapy, doubling of prednisone doses and supplementation of phosphor. Rapid response to the modified therapy has confirmed the accuracy of the initial diagnosis. Moreover, a typical course of feline hypoadrenocorticism, available diagnostic methods as well as factors affecting prognosis were discussed.
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