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Introduction. The variance in human athletic ability is the result of interaction of both genetic and environmental factors. The ADRA2A gene that encodes adrenergic receptors α2 is likely to be a candidate gene because ADRA2A receptors are crucial for precise cardiovascular control and are involved in the regulation of adipocyte lipolysis, glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Several genetic variants of the ADRA2A gene have been identified, and one nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs553668 seems to be of special importance. On the basis of results of available studies it is assumed that the C allele of rs553668 might be associated with the status of Polish elite endurance athletes. Aim of the Study. The purposes of the study were to determine the distribution of the ADRA2A rs553668 SNP genotypes within a sample of Polish elite endurance athletes and sedentary controls to investigate a possible association between genetic polymorphisms in the ADRA2A gene and elite endurance athlete status and to check for an association between the rs553668 genotypes and alleles and the athlete status. Material and Methods. The study was performed on a group of 123 elite Polish endurance-oriented athletes. Control samples were prepared from 228 unrelated, sedentary volunteers. Results. No statistical differences were found between the endurance athletes and the control group across the ADRA2A C/T genotypes. Similarly, no statistical differences among the subgroups of top-elite, elite and sub-elite endurance athletes were observed. Conclusions.We found that the C allele as well as C-containing genotypes were not significantly more frequent in endurance athletes than in controls. This may suggest that harboring the T allele of the SNP rs553668 allele does not decrease the probability of being an endurance-oriented athlete in the Polish population. In respect to the analyzed population of Polish endurance athletes the ADRA2A gene can not be considered a candidate determinant of individual variations in exercise-related phenotypes.
Angiotensin converting enzyme gene (ACE) is the most frequently investigated genetic marker in the context of genetic conditioning of athletic predispositions. However, the knowledge of ACE’s potential modifying effect on changes in selected body traits achieved through a training programme is still limited. Therefore, we have decided to check whether selected body mass, body composition variables, oxygen uptake parameters as well as strength/speed parameters observed in physically active participants will be modulated by the ACE I/D polymorphism. The genotype distribution was examined in a group of 201 young healthy women measured for chosen traits before and after the completion of a 12-week moderate-intensive aerobic training programme. Our results revealed the significant genotype × training interactions for VEmax and power of countermovement jump, whereas training improvements were demonstrated for almost all parameters. In addition, main effects of the ACE I/D genotype on TGL, HDL, glucose and 10 m run were observed. A significant increase in VEmax was demonstrated for II and DD genotypes, but not for ID heterozygotes. The greatest gain in power of countermovement jump was observed in II homozygotes, although DD and ID were associated with a significant increase as well. Our study indicated that the polymorphism was associated with changes in VEmax and power of countermovement jump in response to a 12-week aerobic training programme in Caucasian women. However, more experimental studies are needed to establish the ACE gene × physical activity interactions.
Dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) together with adrenaline and noradrenaline belong to the group of catecholamines present in different tissues, predominantly in the nervous system, where they function as neurotransmitters. Our choice of the genetic determinants of the dopaminergic system disorders for the main topic of our project study was influenced by a wide spectrum of influence which the system has on the functions of an organism connected with, for example, its adaptive response to physical effort (it is the very adrenergic system that physiologists call the “work and fight” and even the “fight and flight” system). It is, for example, proven by the confirmed influence of dopaminergic mechanisms on blood pressure, widening of bronchi and a mobilization of energetic substrates. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning another importance of dopamine recognized by psychologists and psychiatrists as the hormone of “motivation, thrill and adventure seeking”, which in sport can be of key importance. That is why we would like to link these two areas – genetic and psychological.
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