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The complex permittivity of fresh juice of two cultivars of grapes, Sultania (green grapes) and Black Monukka (black grapes) was measured in terms of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor over the frequency range from 1 to 50 GHzand at temperatures ranging from 30 to 60oC, by using the PNA network analyzer model E8364C and open ended coaxial probe 85070E. The Cole-Cole plots and dielectric constant vs. (angular frequency) dielectric loss factor and dielectric constant vs. dielectric loss factor/(angular frequency) regression lines at different temperatures were used in Debye approximation to predict relaxation frequency of molecules for the two cultivars of grapes in the low frequency and high frequency limits, respectively. It was observed that the acidic character of green grapes is responsible for the large amplitude vibrational peaks in dielectric loss factor – frequency curves, in the high frequency region at higher temperatures. On the other hand, excess of sugar in black grapes suppresses the activity of water molecules, thereby suppressing the vibrational peaks at higher frequencies. Different relaxation frequencies found for the two cultivars of grapes suggest that they have different molecular structure.
The present study was aimed at improving sprouting and establishment of bud chip seed stocks of sugarcane cultivar CoSe 92423 by pre-planting soaking in growth-promoting chemicals viz ethephon (0.1 g dm⁻³) and calcium chloride (1 g dm⁻³) along with water-soaked control for 24 h. Treated bud chips recorded higher bud sprouting, shoot height, root number, fresh weight of leaves, shoot and roots, and plant vigor index. In both the treatments, reducing sugars contents, acid invertase, and ATPase activity increased in developing sprouts; increase was about 86.5 and 40.7% in reducing sugars, 28 and 70% in acid invertase, and 15 and 23% in ATPase activities over control by ethephon and calcium chloride treatment, respectively. Reducing sugars contents and activity of acid invertase and ATPase enzymes of sprouted buds exhibited significant positive correlation with bud sprouting and plant vigor index. These findings indicate that soaking of bud chips in growth-promoting chemicals viz ethephon (0.1 g dm⁻³) and calcium chloride (1 g dm⁻³) solutions helps in enhancing bud sprouting, root growth, and plant vigor by altering some of the key biochemical attributes essential for the early growth and better establishment of bud chips under field conditions which is otherwise poor in untreated chips.
The present study employed a sand culture experiment with three levels of zinc viz., 0.065 (control), 65.0 and 130 mg l⁻¹ Zn (excess) as zinc sulfate, respectively, in sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), cultivar CoLk 8102. The results indicated growth depression, dark green leaves, decreased root number and length and sharp depression in mitotic activity of roots due to high doses of Zn (65 and 130 mg l⁻¹); effects were significant at 130 mg l⁻¹ Zn supply. The endogenous ion contents measurements revealed roots to be the major sink for excess Zn with lower amounts in leaves of sugarcane plants. High level of Zn decreased total phosphorus in leaves and increased it in roots. Fe and Cu content decreased, while, Mn increased in sugarcane plants due to high Zn in the growing medium. Plants experienced oxidative stress when exposed to higher levels of zinc. Biochemical investigations indicated high level of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde contents with high chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents and activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase enzymes under high Zn conditions. These findings confirm suggest that excess Zn adversely affects root growth and mitotic efficiency, enhances chromosomal aberrations and increases growth and nutrient accumulation abnormalities, as well as oxidative stress.
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