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The reserves of underground water in Katowice Province are being gradually depleted due to, among others, drainage of mines. The quality of remaining water resources deteriorates as a result of increasing environmental pollution. Solving these problems would require investment e. g. construction of reservoirs and desalinization plants, and also the development of collective water supply system. An attempt should also be made at replenishing the reserves by reducing consumption for domestic purposes and by increasing proportion of surface water in satisfying the demands of industry and individual households.
Podstawę zaopatrzenia w wodę ludności i przemysłu Górnego Śląska stanowi wodociąg grupowy, którego sieć wodociągowa, zwłaszcza rurociągów rozdzielczych, przebiega w większości na terenach eksploatacji górniczej. Śieć ta pochodzi nieraz sprzed obu wojen światowych, a działalność górnicza i korozja rurociągów, przy niskiej jakości przewodów stalowych, korozyjności wody i agresywności środowiska powodują, że jej awaryjność osiąga w kraju najwyższe wskaźniki.
Aura
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1994
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nr 11
8-9
The water supply system in the Upper Silesia consists mainly of steel pipes. The mining activity and corrosion of water pipelines, combined with the low quality steel pipes, result in the highest breakdown frequency rate in Poland. This leads not only to many problems in operation but also impairs reliability of water supply, accompanied by considerable losses of water. Increasing application of plastics in retrofitting and extending water supply systems has given new opportunities to provide at least a partial solution. Technical and economic overviews presented in this article show explicitly the suitability of plastics for water supply purposes in mining areas and their considerable advantages, compared to steel.
Celem pracy było poznanie rozmieszczenia i liczebności sów leśnych na Wysoczyźnie Elbląskiej (północna Polska). Liczenie zostało przeprowadzone wiosną 2014 roku przez członków Stowarzyszenia Ochrony Sów i pracowników Nadleśnictwa Elbląg. Zastosowano standardową metodykę wykrywania obecności sów opartą na stymulacji głosowej. Stwierdzono 46 stanowisk puszczyka Strix aluco i jedno stanowisko uszatki Asio otus. Zagęszczenie puszczyka w lasach wyniosło 2,8 terytorium/10 km2 i było niższe od średnich wartości podawanych z innych obszarów leśnych w kraju. Na uzyskany wynik wpływ miała zapewne mała liczba przeprowadzonych kontroli, podobnie jak w przypadku pojedynczego stwierdzenia uszatki.
In recent years, developing urban areas have affected food abundance and the feeding grounds of birds. The article contains analysis of the Tawny owl’s diet during four years (2006–2009) from different types of the urbanized area: city, town (much smaller than city) and countryside – based on 356 pellets with 726 prey items. The main group of victims was Rodentia, common were also Apodemus agrarius and Apodemus sylvaticus. Other important groups in the diet were: Microtidae (especially species Microtus arvalis) and Aves. As a generalist, Tawny owl fits the diet to the actual resources in a very flexible way. The main goal of the present work was to describe the food composition variability of the Tawny owl along with the degree of urbanization. Percentages of Microtus arvalis, Micromys minutus, Talpa europaea depended on the urbanization level, while Apodemus flavicollis, Insecta and Amphibia were related to the distance to nearest city centre. The study has shown that the diet of the Tawny owl has been changing along the urbanization gradient. It confirms earlier findings on high plasticity of foraging of this species in urbanized landscape.
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L-deprenyl in the dose of 0.25 mg/kg (the dose with no effect on locomotor activity) was administered to Wistar rats in single and prolonged treatment (21 days). In the same manner carboxymethyl cellulose was given to the control group. In the forced swimming test the rats from the deprenyl group showed reduced immobility time only once, after 7 days of treatment, as compared with the control group. In the Crawley’s test one parameter was increased after deprenyl — the white square entries (WSE), showing that the rats were emboldened to move more freely in the white, lighted area. In the maze test the most important observations were that deprenyl shortened the food finding time and significantly counteracted the elongation of this time after scopolamine. The authors discuss the possibility that deprenyl has a modulatory effect on learning and memory and this effect depends on the dose used. It seems also that the increase of monoamine and cholinergic transmission may be involved. The small antidepressant and anxiolytic effect may be due to the metabolites of deprenyl of the amphetamine group.
Alcoholism is a chronic and recurrent disease. The studies on ethyl alcohol show a progressive deterioration of cognitive functions (motor hyperactivity, operating memory). The aim of the study was to establish whether combined single and chronic administration of aripiprazole (ARI) and fluoxetine (FLU) affects animal locomotor activity or modifies spatial memory functions in female rats exposed to ethyl alcohol. Female Wistar rats were studied in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and locomotor activity test. Rats undergoing the MWM and locomotor activity test were injected with saline on day 1, 7, 14 and 21 of testing. Results showed a statistically significant mobility increase in the group of ethanol‑exposed females (CEt) (21 days) compared to the non‑ethanol‑exposed group (CNEt). Upon ARI administration to CEt, no statistically significant differences in animal mobility were found, either upon single or chronic administration. Chronic administration of FLU (21 days) as well as combined administration of ARI+FLU (14 and 21 days) caused a statistically significant reduction of the females’ mobility compared to the control CEt group. Single and chronic administration of ARI (7x) both show a spatial memory improvement in CEt. No memory improvement was observed, however, after 14 and 21 days of ARI administration. FLU, likewise, improved spatial memory both upon single and chronic administration. Combined administration of ARI+FLU improved memory in CEt only upon single administration. Lack of effect upon chronic administration may be due to tolerance to memory improvement developing upon combined administration of ARI+FLU. It can be concluded that ARI (1.5 mg/kg), FLU (5 mg/kg), and combined administration of these drugs improves spatial memory in CEt.
Depression is a highly prevalent social disease. Despite significant medical progress, therapeutic solutions for optimising treatment of this disease are still being sought. The aim of this study was to assess, using the forced swimming test, locomotor activity test and two compartment exploratory test, for a reduction in immobility time (a measure of antidepressant efficacy), locomotor activity and anxiolytic effectiveness after single, repeated, and combined administration of vortioxetine (2.5 mg/kg – a multimodal SMS), dapoxetine (3.0 mg/kg – an SSRI used in premature ejaculation disorders) and fluoxetine (5.0 mg/kg – an SSRI) in non-stressed and prenatally stressed rats. It was found that vortioxetine, fluoxetine and dapoxetine reduced immobility time and rat locomotor activity which suggests antidepressant efficacy of these drugs both in monotherapy and in combined administration. The results also confirmed an anxiolytic effect of the study drugs in mono and combined therapy. Analysis of the pathomechanism of depression and the mechanisms of action of the individual drugs tested resulted in a prediction that combined administration of these drugs may be effective in the treatment of depressive disorders, although possible interactions between the drugs used must be assessed for. Considering the fact that dapoxetine is not currently used in depression treatment and vortioxetine is a relatively new drug, further research in this direction is vital, including within animal models.
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Some behavioural effects of carbamazepine - comparison with haloperidol

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The experiments presented in this paper aimed to investigate the influence of atypical antiepileptic drug carbamazepine (CBZ, CAS 298-46-4) classified also as normothymic drug on spatial memory in Morris water maze test and anxiolytic effect in two-compartment exploratory test in rats. The study also investigated the probably occurring side effects (measuring cataleptic activity and motor coordination) following single and chronic administration of CBZ compared to haloperidol (HAL, CAS 52-86-8), a conventional antipsychotic. All the tests were carried out on male Wistar rats. CBZ 30 mg/kg was administered orally 60 min before the tests and HAL 0.15 mg/kg was administered orally 60 min before the tests. In the Morris test memory improvement only after chronic administration of CBZ on the 7 and 14 day of treatment was observed, whereas after 14 days of HAL treatment spatial memory impairment was noted. In the two-compartment exploratory test 30 mg/kg of CBZ had an anxiolytic effect after 7 and 14 days of treatment, whereas HAL did not show anxiolytic effect after single and chronic treatment. CBZ did not induce catalepsy after single as well as chronic administration. HAL evoked a strong cataleptic effect both after acute and chronic treatment. CBZ had no impact on motor coordination in the chimney test and HAL disturbed motor coordination in rats after single as well as chronic administration. CBZ may be an useful normothymic drug using in bipolar affective disorder treatment with co-occurred anxiety and cognitive deficits. The lack of significant side effects of CBZ may be an alternative way of treatment in comparison with older drugs, such as lithium carbonate.
The aim of the study was to find whether spatial memory impairment and disruption in locomotor activity were found in prenatally stressed rats (PSG) or prenatally methylazoxymethanol acetate-treated rats (MAMG). In addition to this, we examined basal plasma corticosterone level as well as brain-derived neurothropic factor (BDNF) in the PSG and MAMG rats. The effect of prenatal stress (stress paradigm between 14 and 21 day of gestation) and methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) administration (17 day of gestation) to the female Wistar rats were studied on the male offspring in the Morris Water Maze (spatial memory) and locomotor activity test. Through Morris Water Maze rats were injected with saline 4 times (on 7, 14 and 21 day of testing) while in locomotor activity test saline was injected only once. Corticosterone level was measured using ELISA Kit while BDNF levels were assessed using ELISA Chemikine TM BDNF kit. Results indicate that both PSG and MAMG rats deteriorate spatial memory as well as increase locomotor activity compared to the control group. Biochemical studies indicate that basal plasma corticosterone level increased in both PSG and MAMG rats compared to the control group. Analyses of the BDNF level, on the other hand, have shown decrease of the neurothropin level in both hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC) in both PSG and MAMG groups of rats. As shown by the obtained results, both the prenatal stress model and prenatal MAM administration model generate a number of behavioral (e.g. spatial memory disorders, increased locomotor activity) and biochemical (e.g. increased corticosterone and decreased BDNF levels) changes in the examined offspring, Thus, these models can be successfully used in the efficacy analysis of the pharmacotherapy applied.
Nicotine (NIC) and venlafaxine (VEN) have been proved to exert antidepressant activity in both human and animals. The effect of antidepressant doses of NIC and VEN (our previous results) on noradrenergic (NA), dopaminergic (DA), serotoninergic (5-HT) neurotransmitters and their metabolites: DOPAC, HVA and 5-HIAA in rats’ hippocampus in freely moving rats were determined by microdialysis technique and HPLC method. Both drugs release 5-HT and NA, but VEN to a greater degree. DA level was affected only by VEN, however NIC extended the response of the DA system on VEN’s effect. Combined administration of drugs caused the greatest changes in the 5-HT system. Both drugs contributed to reduction in neurotransmitter biotransformation.
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