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Studies on primary production of meadow were conducted off using three methods. One of them (Traczyk’s method) calculates total net primary production as amount of individual population production. Further, Wiegert-Evans’ and Titlianova’s methods calculates production as total of growth, dying and decomposition of biomass. The aim of attempt such study was unlike between results used in different studies with different methods. Differences in results was particularly significant in grasslands. One reason of these differences could be different methods of estimations. Study was performer through two years (1988, 1989), in mosaic agricultural landscape of Turew region (western Poland), on four hectare meadow, flanked by crop fields. Plant cover of meadow was diversified along moisture gradient from wet meadow with Phalaris arundinacea to dry sward with Briza media. Course of plants’ biomass dynamic was similar in both years. Aboveground parts reached maximal biomass in the summer and belowground parts in the late autumn. The one difference was different initial biomass level (low in 1988 and high in 1989). It was a result of slight dying of roots during soft winter 1988/89. Amount of decomposition of dead biomass was dependent on method. Especially decomposition of aboveground parts was diversified and the highest was gained with Titlianova’s method - 1248.05 (in 1988) and 955.0 g m⁻² d.w. in 1989. Total net primary production gained by Traczyk’s method (only in 1989 year) was 1123.42 g m⁻² d.w., by Wiegert-Evans’ method 1315.98 g m⁻² d.w. and by Titlianova’s method 2295.73 g m⁻² d.w. Results obtained with Titlianova’s method are about 30% higher then others. The difference is a result of including roots decomposition because aboveground production was almost same with all three methods. Test X² support this thesis. Statistically significant difference between share of aboveground parts production in total primary production was found. Results used in presented paper evidence, that allowing aboveground production as proportional to total net primary production, in the case of grasslands, could lead to biases.
We can expect significant changes in the plant cover structure and crop structure due to the climate change, and the response of plants with different photosynthetic pathways to global change may be crucial for agriculture. The paper analyzes the impact of habitat factors connected with the climate change: temperature and concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on the change of C3 and C4 plants primary production (NPP). The Ehleringer model describing the balance between C3 and C4 plants indicates that a shift in the balance in favor of C4 plants and the increase in CO2 levels, which has continued since the mid-nineteenth up to the present day, would require a temperature increase by 5-10°C. Nonetheless, this increase is much lower, while the review of previous studies and some phenomena observed in the Poland area: high level of NPP in maize crops and the increased in contribution of C4 species in the flora indicate the shift in the balance in favor of C4 plants. This fact can be explained by a factor not included to the Ehleringer model: the availability of water and nitrogen.
Plant succession (herb and tree species) in newly planted midfield shelterbelt (0.63 ha of area) was investigated during eight years. Changes of vegetation were found to be similar to the succession on abandoned fields. During first years simple plant communities, consisted by common and very common species, dominated by one species, like: Arthemisia absyntium and Chenopodium album, Conyza canadiensis or Apera spica-venti, substituted year by year. The number of species reached maximal value (48) three years after shelterbelt planting. Among all trees forming the shelterbelt the fastest growing were the species of early succession stages (having light seeds) like: poplar, birch, larch and pine. Those trees form the canopy layer already after four years of succession. That process increased the rate of succession to forest community. Maximum biomass of herb plants (347.84 g dry wt. m⁻²) was noted in fifth year of succession. Litter biomass increased during all study period. Corridor effect of shelterbelt for plants wasn’t evidenced. Introduction of the forest and clear-cutting species is relatively slow and proceeds from the forest adjacent to the shelterbelt.
The rate of broadleaf forest litter decomposition as well as leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus was estimated, on two plots situated in an about 150-year old oak-hornbeam tree stand. In both ecosystems the rate of production and decomposition of litter was approximately the same. There was evidence of the dependence of the decomposition rate on the total precipitation in the vegetative season. The determined quantity of nitrogen leached in the process of litter decomposition reached 50 100 kg per ha in wet years and about 30 kg per ha in dry years. Quantities of phosphorus leached from decomposed litter oscillate between 4 6 kg per ha in wet years and 1 3 kg per ha in dry years.
Growing interest in fancy hen breeding motivates people undertake more research into assessment of their production traits. The purpose of this research is to assess the quality of eggs and results of hatch of three hen breeds: partridge italian, silver brahma, and salmon faverolle. Eggs were assessed in three periods of laying. Hatching was carried out with the use of eggs from the period of production peak. The qualities of eggs changed according to the period of the production. The biggest differences were found in terms of the color and height of yolk, the weight of albumen and yolk and the eggshell thickness. Among the considered breeds of hens were found statistically significant differences for the egg shape index and the albumen and shell weight. Eggs of italian partridge were characterized by the highest statistically significant weight of albumen and index of shape (35.99 g and 75.58%), whereas the smallest were observed for brahms (33.33 g and 72.21%). Fertilization of italian hen eggs was 97.8% and of feverolle 100%. Also a high percentage share of healthy hatched chickens from fertilized and set eggs was observed. In case of brahma breed there were no fertilized eggs found.
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