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This study investigates the air deposition of heavy metals (past and recent) in Poland using a common bioindicator – moss Pleurozium schreberi. In 2010 moss samples were collected from 320 sites evenly distributed throughout the country; 297 sites coincided with those in which the 1995 survey was carried out. In green parts of mosses, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn were determined. The 2010 data were compared with those from 1995. The moss concentration of most of the studied metals decreased significantly (P<0.05) between the surveyed years: from 0.45 to 0.30 mg Cd·kg-1, from 7.6 to 6.0 mg Cu·kg-1, from 362 to 344 mg Fe·kg-1, and from 18.8 to 4.9 mg Pb·kg-1, taking into account median values. This temporal trend was dependent on region (for some provinces decreases were insignificant). The concentration of Zn did not alter in time; median values of this variable were 42.8 and 47.5 mg·kg-1 in 1995 and 2010, respectively. The spatial patterns of the heavy metal concentrations in mosses were similar in both surveys; southern parts of Poland, industrialized and densely populated, were contaminated more than the rest of the country.
The descent of some mountain species into the lowlands is an interesting phenomenon in plant geography and ecology. The main purpose of the present study is to update the list of mountain species for the Silesian Uplands and to provide a synthesis of the knowledge accumulated to date on the habitats for their occurrence, a possible origin and their distribution patterns. In the present study, both the authors’ own records and those obtained by other researchers have been used: published, unpublished and herbarium records, and assembled in a form compatible with the Atlas of distribution of vascular plants in Poland (ATPOL) in the ATPOL– Silesia database). A list of mountain species present in the study region (approximately 4000 km2) is provided in relation to their altitudinal groups. For each species, information about its affiliation to geographical elements and the type of habitats in which it has occurred is recorded. The distribution of mountain species in the Silesian Uplands has been investigated by mapping the species onto a grid of 2 × 2 km squares (1040 in total). For ATPOL squares, containing at least one mountain species (N = 647), CORINE land cover data were obtained and used in explaining the distribution of mountain species composition and richness. In the vascular flora of the Silesian Uplands 76 mountain taxa have been noted, including 2 submontane, 41 montane, 1 subalpine and 32 multizonal species. The list of mountain species has been supplemented with Lonicera nigra and Cirsium erisithales. Many mountain species occurring in the Silesian Uplands have localities distributed throughout the whole region and thus they do not represent any particular type of range. Some species show certain patterns of distribution associated with local habitat conditions. Stands of the montane species are concentrated mainly in the western part of the Silesian Uplands, while the multizonal species are concentrated in the eastern and central part of the study area. Most of the mountain species occur in natural habitats, in particular in broadleaved woodlands, even when they have been degraded. However, some of the species prefer strongly degraded habitats, in particular sand- and clay-pits, quarries and industrial spoils which has been confirmed by multivariate (RDA) analysis. Discussing the possible origin of the mountain species in the Silesian Uplands one can consider migration routes from two directions: from the Sudety Mts. or from the Carpathian Mts. (located approximately 400 km south-west from a study area and 50–100 km south, respectively). Another possible explanation is that the species had a wider range during the glaciations and survived here in refugia.
In this study effects of burrowing by badgers and foxes on forest soil and vegetation were examined. Burrow digging resulted in increasing topsoil alkalinity and changing the availability of some nutrients. Soil disturbances supported higher diversity of herbaceous and woody plants, and favoured the occurrence of fugitive and nutrient demanding species. Badgers had stronger impact on soil and vegetation than foxes.
Scleroderma septentrionale Jeppson was fi rst discovered in Central Europe in the Puszcza Kampinoska primeval forest (Central Poland) over 40 years ago. We found two new inland localities of this rare species in southern Poland: on natural inland sand dunes of post-glacial origin (Pustynia Błędowska) and at an anthropogenic site on sandy soil polluted by heavy metals (Olkusz, in the vicinity of the Bolesław Mine and Smelter). The basidiocarps occurred under willow and birch or pine and birch. The new localities are approximately midway between two previously known inland stands in Central Europe (Puszcza Kampinoska forest and the Zahorie region in Slovakia).
Ekosystemy tworzące się na glebach naturalnie i wtórnie wzbogaconych w metale ciężkie są miejscem występowania specyficznej flory – gatunków roślin, odmian, ekotypów, które w warunkach silnej presji selekcyjnej wykształciły wiele przystosowań umożliwiających przetrwanie w nieprzyjaznym siedlisku. Rośliny te, zwane „metalofitami”, radzą sobie nie tylko z podwyższoną zawartością metali ciężkich w podłożu, a co za tym idzie, ich wysoką toksycznością, ale także z niedostatkiem substancji pokarmowych. Z botanicznego punktu widzenia najciekawszymi zbiorowiskami metalofitów są murawy galmanowe, które tworzą się na glebach bogatych w cynk i ołów. W Polsce spotkać je można w okolicach Olkusza, w terenie górniczym. Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka muraw olkuskich oraz omówienie zagadnień związanych z ich ochroną
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