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 The redox status of the cell is described by the ratio of reduced to non-reduced compounds. Redox reactions which determine the redox state are an essential feature of all living beings on Earth. However, the first life forms evolved under strongly anoxic conditions of the young Earth, and the redox status probably was based on iron and sulphur compounds. Nowadays, redox reactions in cells have developed in strict connection to molecular oxygen and its derivatives i.e. reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxygen has started to accumulate on the Earth due to oxygenic photosynthesis. All aspects of aerobic life involve ROS, reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antioxidants and redox regulation. Many different redox-active compounds are involved in the complex of redox processes, including pyridine nucleotides, thioredoxins, glutaredoxins and other thiol/disulphide-containing proteins. Redox regulation is integrated with the redox-reactions in photosynthesis and respiration to achieve an overall energy balance and to maintain a reduced state necessary for the biosynthetic pathways that are reductive in nature. It underlies the physiological and developmental flexibility in plant response to environmental signals.
In recent years there has been growing interest in selenium (Se) as an important micronutrient not only for animals and humans but also for plants. In particular, its protective effect in plants exposed to stress conditions has been suggested. In spite of many studies, the mechanism of Se action is not fully understood. In this review, possible ways of interaction of Se with stress factors leading to optimal growth and development of plants are presented. As the majority of experiments have focused on the effects of Se application under stress conditions induced by heavy metals, special attention is paid to the results obtained in such studies. Changes of physiological and biochemical properties of plant cells, with particular regard to the influence of Se on the activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants under this stress, are summarized. Experiments in which Se was used in some other environmental stresses (drought, UV, cold and high temperature) are also cited. On the basis of the presented literature it is suggested that a positive effect of Se depends on both its doses and on chosen plant genotypes and is mainly connected with activation of antioxidative defense in plant cells.
Morphology of conventionally stained and C-banded chromosomes of three plant species (Allium vineale L., Secale segetale Zhuk. and S. afganicum Vav.) was investigated. C-banding was found to shorten chromosomes more than other staining methods used. Although the arm ratio of chromosomes but whole genome composition was generally unchanged. Particular chromosomes in some metaphase plates showed, however, distinct morphological modifications. Their arm ratio was enormously altered due to very uneven shortening of both chromosome arms. The mechanisms of these changes and their significance in karyotype investigation are discussed.
The C3-CAM intermediate plant Clusia fluminensis under well-watered at low light conditions opens stomata during the light period. In leaf extracts of this plant we have found two copper-zinc superoxide dismutases (CuZnSODs) and two manganese SODs: MnSOD-like protein (MnSOD II) and MnSOD I. Daily rhythm of the MnSOD I shows maximum activity during the afternoon hours and it is accompanied by only a very small tendency to increase in catalase (CAT) activity and lowering of citrate level.
The aim of this paper has been to investigate the occurrence of health-promoting antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E as well as antioxidative enzymes, e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase in different parts of the cabbage head (the outer one green leaves, the central leaf layer and the inner layer young, etiolated leaves). Vitamin C content in both the central (209 mg/dm³) and inner (202 mg/dm³) layers of cabbage headswas higher in comparison to the outer one (163 mg/dm³), while vitamin E content (α-tocopherol) in the outer layer (4 µg/g FW) was higher by about 26 and 34% in comparison to the central and inner layers, respectively. The cooperation between vitamins and enzymatic antioxidants led to the highest H₂O₂ level in the outer layer, while the O₂⁻ level was the highest in the inner part of the cabbage head. We conclude that leaf layers in cabbage heads reflect the different potential of bioactive compounds accumulation, related to the stage of tissue development, as well as tissue-specific stress response.
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