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The aim of this investigation was to study the localization and activity of peroxidase (EC. 1.11.1.7) in the leaves of Sium latifolium L. and interaction of peroxidase activity with lignin synthesis at moderate water deficit. The leaves of two ecological forms (ecotypes) in flowering phase were studied. S. latifolium air- aquatic ecotype grew in water (on the bank of Psel River, Ukraine), and terrestrial ecotype plant grew along the bank of this river under the conditions of moderate water deficit. The immunocytochemical and biochemical methods were used for the investigation. Peroxidase activity was estimated in chloroplasts of both palisade and spongy mesophyll and in cell walls of epidermis and mesophyll. The adaptation of S. latifolium plants to the moderate water deficit leads to the increase of guaiacol- and ascorbate peroxidase activities and lignin content in leaves, and also to the appearance of peroxidase in vacuoles.
The influence of water deficit on both the anatomical structure of leaves and mesophyll cell ultrastructure of Sium latifolium during flowering phase was studied. Moreover the analysis of chlorophyll, carotenoids and cellulose content was performed. A comparative light-microscopic analysis of leaf of S. latifolium of air-water and terrestrial ecotype showed the decrease of leaflets and cell size. Water deficit provoked the change of mesophyll cell ultrastructure, an appearance of destructive signs in chloroplasts, the decrease of content of chlorophylls, the increase of carotenoids and crystalline cellulose content in the leaves of terrestrial ecotype. The obtained results testify to the phenotypical plasticity of Sium latifolium leaves at flowering phase during the water deficit.
Submersed leaves of Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton perfoliatus, and P. pectinatus were studied by the method of the transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis of leaf epidermis of the three hygrophyte species showed the presence of some peculiarities of leaf epidermis, in particular, the presence of chloroplasts with very well developed grana structure, three-layered structure of outer cell wall, thin cuticle with pores. The distinctive peculiarities of the cell ultrastructure of the studied samples were also revealed in the epidermis. The size of pore in leaf cuticle of submerged plants depends on the plant species. There were the quantitative and qualitative signs of substructures of chloroplasts, thickness of outer cell wall and its cuticle layer, the size and density of cuticle pores. Structural features of the submersed leaf epidermal cells in different species demonstrate their role in the submersed phenotypical plasticity and in natural adaptation of plants to the constant water environment.
The distribution and content of calcium ions in organelles, cytoplasm and celi walls of leaf mesophyll and epidermis of Sium latifolium air-water and terrestrial plants at various developmental stage was investigated. It was established that the relative content of Ca2+ in cells changed in relation to growth stage and environmental growth conditions. Moderate water deficit led to the increase of calcium content in chloroplasts and nucleus of palisade mesophyll, and in cell walls of adaxial epidermis of plants that were collected at flowering phase. At fruitage stage, water deficit led to the decrease of Ca2+ in chloroplasts and in cytoplasm of mesophyll cells and in cell walls of epidermis. The obtained results show that these data can be used as a basis for future studies on the mechanisms of calcium redistribution and the role of ion channels in plant cells under water deficit.
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