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Yersinia enterocolitica is a pathogen with a global distribution in nature, showing a big diversity in biochemical activity, chemical composition and structure of O-somatic antigen and pathogenic properties. Y. enterocolitica is isolated from animals belonging to different taxonomic groups as well as from food, soil and water, but pigs are considered to be the main reservoir of Y. enterocolitica strains pathogenic to humans. The pathogenicity of Y. enterocolitica rods is determined by several virulence factors encoded by genes located in the chromosome and the virulence plasmid pYV. The chromosomally located virulence determinant is the enterotoxin Yst, which activates the guanylate cyclase that leads to increased cGMP levels in the intestine. The chromosomally encoded adhesin Ail is involved in attachment and tissue invasion. Invasin is a primary invasion factor of Y. enterocolitica and is required for the translocation of Y. enterocolitica across the intestinal epithelium. Probably the surface antigen Myf promotes the colonization of the intestine and enables the secretion of Yst in close vicinity of the enterocyte surface. The virulence plasmid pYV encodes a type III secretion and the outer membrane protein YadA, which has been found to play multiple functions in the pathogenesis. YadA is involved in autoagglutination, serum resistance and adhesion. Adhesion to host cells mediated by YadA supports the injection of Yops into the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell. Yops form two groups of proteins. Yop effector proteins in eukaryotic cells interfere with signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, resulting in the inhibition of phagocytosis as well as induces apoptosis. The second group of Yops proteins form a channel in the membrane of a eukaryotic cell, which allows the translocation of effectors across the eukaryotic membrane. The secretory apparatus Ysc enables the injection of effector proteins into eukaryotic cells by extracellular Y. enterocolitica adhering to the cell surface.
Sixty-two isolates of pig-derived Yersinia enterocolitica belonging to 1A and 4 biotypes and non-typeable isolates were subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing by the disc diffusion method. The presence of β-lactamase A (Bla-A) and B (Bla-B) was detected by the double disc diffusion test, and the β-lactamase genes blaA and blaB in these isolates were detected by PCR. The isolates were resistant or moderately susceptible mostly to penicillins (except piperacillin) and first-generation cephalosporins. The majority of the isolates of biotype 1A were resistant or moderately susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Three isolates of biotype 4 were also resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. Most of Y. enterocolitica isolates were resistant or intermediately susceptible to second-generation cephalosporins. Cefotaxime was the most active third-generation cefalosporin against the tested Y. enterocolitica. No isolate was resistant to imipenem. Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and quinolones showed high activity against Y. enterocolitica. The presence of the Bla-A enzyme was found in 27/31 isolates of biotype 1A, 22/28 isolates of biotype 4, and in all untypeable isolates. In these isolates the blaA gene was detected by PCR amplification. In all Y. enterocolitica isolates blaB gene was detected but not all isolates of biotype 4 showed the presence of Bla-B.
Soybean (SBO) and sunflower (SFO) oils were oxidized in an atmosphere of oxygen in the cell of the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The peak maximum temperatures on monitored differential heat flow curves were measured and used for the calculation of Arrhenius activation energy and kinetic parametres of the process.
This paper presents the results of leaching of Co, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn ions from solid wastes in mine waters of various salinity. Determinations of the content of examined elements in mine waters and in solutions from leaching of solid mine wastes were carried out by atomic absorption spectroscopy, after preliminary extraction of elements in the form of pyrrolidinedithiocarbamates. To obtain complete characteristic of examined mine waters and solutions from leaching, standard analyses, commonly used for water and wastes, were done.
Evaluation of adherence of Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from humans and pigs to cheek epithelium cells obtained from humans and pigs was the aim of present study. 51 strains of Yersinia enterocolitica including 34 isolated from the faeces of people who showed typical symptoms of intestinal yersiniosis and 17 isolated from pigs were used in the study. The all Y. enterocolitica strains which were used in the investigation showed the ability of adherence to the cells of cheek epithelium from humans. The cells of Y. enterocolitica strains which had yadA gene more numerously adhered to the cells of cheek epithelium from humans than the cells of strains which did not have yadA gene.
The subject of this study was thirty nine strains of Yersinia enterocolitica, isolated from faeces of humans who showed symptoms typical of intestinal yersiniosis, and seventy strains of Y. enterocolitica, four strains of Y. pseudotuberculosis, and one strain of Y. kristensenii from healthy pigs. In the population tested the following serogroups appeared: 03, 09, 02, 05. A PCR was used to detect the presence of pathogenic chromosomal markers, such as myfA and inv genes of the tested Yersinia species. Among Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from humans and belonging to serogroup 03 (thirty four strains) and serogroup 09 (five strains) thirty three Y. enterocolitica 03 strains and four Y. enterocolitica 09 strains, gave a positive reaction to the myfA gene, yielding a fragment of 280 base pairs (bp). Among seventy Y. enterocolitica strains isolated from pigs forty strains belonging to serogroup 03 and fifteen strains belonging to serogroup 09 gave a positive reaction to the myfA gene. The presence of 390 bp amplified products, corresponding to the inv gene fragment, was detected in PCR products of three Y. pseudotuberculosis strains from pigs and only in one Y enterocolitica 03 strain from humans, which had no myfA gene. The results obtained show that the myfA gene is only present in the strains that belong to pathogenic serotypes of Y. enterocolitica. The myfA gene prevailed in the Y. enterocolitica 03 and 09 strains from humans but was less common in the Y. enterocolitica 03 and 09 strains from pigs.
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