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The effect of light on nitrate uptake by wheat roots

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Illuminating shoots stimulates nitrate uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘EM18’) roots. A method with a high time resolution (minutes), non-invasive technique, has enabled to measure the nitrate uptake time coarsely. The nitrate uptake by wheat roots increases in the light and decreases in the dark. The mechanism is thought to be via a signal carried in phloem, probably a sugar.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transient gene expression and silencing in protoplasts is widely applied in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. Here, we developed an efficient transient gene expression system based on the PEG-mediated method both in etiolated and green maize mesophyll protoplasts. The results showed that both yellow fluorescent protein encoding gene and glucuronidase encoding gene were efficiently expressed in maize protoplasts. More importantly, double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) can also be transfected into maize protoplasts by the PEG-mediated method to specifically silence exogenous and endogenous genes. Our results showed that dsRNA can be used to knockdown both exogenous and endogenous gene expression. Furthermore, bimolecular fluorescence complementation system for the detection of protein–protein interactions in maize protoplasts was developed. We also overexpressed and knockdowned the mitogen-activated protein kinase encoding gene ZmMPK5 to investigate the role of ZmMPK5 in abscisic acid (ABA)-induced antioxidant defense in maize protoplasts. This method here we reported will be valuable for signal transduction study in maize.
To investigate secondary pollution issued during the preparation of sintered brick from waterquenched yellow phosphorus slag, the composition of slag was experimentally measured in this study. The thermal conversion process and gas phase products associated with S-, P-, F-, and As-containing species present in the heating system were theoretically calculated by means of thermochemical software FactSage 7.0 and databases. The results showed that F and As were released at 700ºC and the gaseous products contained AsF₃. Also, large amounts of F remained in solid CaF₂ and Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂. At a calcination temperature of 900ºC, all As was transferred into gaseous AsF₃ and S started to convert into gaseous SO₂ and SO₃. Other data suggested that the released amounts of SO₂ and SO₃ increased as calcination temperature rose. At calcination temperatures ranging from 100-1000ºC, all P existed as solid Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂. These findings indicated that low calcination temperatures were beneficial for reducing released harmful gases during the production of sintered brick.
Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is an important bacterium causing nosocomial infections; A. baumannii infections have increased in our hospital since 2009. However, multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, which was mainly isolated from patients in each intensive care unit (ICU), rapidly increased from December 2012 to January 2013. Therefore, we described the molecular characteristics of A. baumannii by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We also detected resistance genes for β-lactam, aminoglycosides, and plasmid-mediated quinolones. Disinfectant-resistant genes were also detected in the clinical isolates of blaOXA-51-positive multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. The conjugative test was performed to detect whether or not resistance genes can be transferred to different strains. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibition test was conducted to analyze the factors influencing the resistance of A. baumannii to imipenem, meropenem, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, and tigecycline. PFGE profiles contained 12 strains, including 20 type C strains (47.6%), 4 type D strains (9.5%), and 1 to 3 strains of other types; 38 strains were distributed in patients in each ICU. In our test samples, the presence of blaOXA-23 was closely related to carbapenem resistance. The 16S rRNA methylase gene armA was associated with resistance to amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. The multidrug-resistant A. baumannii was closely related to various resistance genes. These results indicated that multidrug-resistant A. baumannii with type C strains was predominant in our hospital in this period.
To understand the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance of air and clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, the intensive care unit settings of a hospital in Northern China were surveyed in 2014. Twenty non-duplicate A. baumannii isolates were obtained from patients and five isolates of airborne A. baumannii were obtained from the wards’ corridors. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) were used to analyze the homology relationships of isolates. Resistance and resistance genes were detected by drug susceptibility test and PCR. The results demonstrated that all isolates can be classified into eight PFGE types and four sequence types (ST208, ST195, ST369 and ST530). A pair of isolates from patients (TAaba004) and from the air (TAaba012) that share 100% similarity in PFGE was identified, indicating that air might be a potential and important transmission route for A. baumannii. More than 80% of the isolates were resistant to carbapenems and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Twenty-four isolates, which were resistant to carbapenems, carried the blaOXA-23-like gene. The data indicated that air might be an alternative way for the transmission of A. baumannii. Hospitals should pay more attention to this route, and design new measures accordingly
Plant physiology and biochemistry are both affected by salinity, which is an important abiotic stressor. In this study, we identified transcript-derived fragments (TDFs) in response to salt stress in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) using cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) analysis. Seventy-four TDFs were identified in the leaves of two-year-old plants after NaCl treatment (500 mM for 0, 5, 10 and 15 days). Based on the gene ontology (GO) terminology, 30 TDFs shared high homology with known genes and were classified into 6 groups: metabolism-related factors, defense-related proteins, transcription factors, stress and signal transductionrelated factors and energy-related factors. Eight TDFs were selected for further study, and their expression patterns in the leaves were verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at different stages of salt stress. Our data provide a theoretical basis for research on the mechanisms of salt tolerance in woody plants.
Pitaya contains various types of polyphenols, flavonoid and vitamins which are beneficial for health and it is among the most important commercial tropical fruits worldwide. Endophytic bacteria might be beneficial for plant growth and yield. However, bacterial diversity in pitaya is poorly characterized. In this study, fruits of white and red pitayas from three different origins (Thailand, Vietnam and China) were chosen for endophytic bacteria diversity investigation by using Illumina HiSeq second-generation high-throughput sequencing technology. Large number of endophytic bacteria were detected and 22 phyla, 56 classes, 81 orders, 122 families and 159 genera were identified. Endophytic bacteria diversity was uneven among pitaya fruits from different origins and bacteria structure was different between white pitaya group and red pitaya group. Phylum Bacteroidetes, classes Bacteroidia and Coriobacteriia, orders Bacteroidales and Coriobacteriales, families Prevotellaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Paraprevotellaceae, Rikenellaceae, Alcaligenaceae and Coriobacteriaceae, genera Prevotella, Bacteroides, Roseburia, Faecalibacterium and Sutterella were statistically significant different species (P < 0.05) between white and red pitayas. These findings might be useful for growth improvement, fruit preservation and processing of different pitaya species from different origins.
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