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ASF has existed in Poland since 2014. The main vector of this disease is wild boar (Sus scrofa). Traditional baiting site is one of the most popular elements of wildlife infrastructure for wild boars hunting. Along with the development of ASF in Poland, the bait became an object of attention due to the high probability of contact between healthy and sick animals, and thus as a place of potential spread of the disease. Feeding is currently forbidden, but it is allowed to lure wild boar with small amounts of food for the needs of depopulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate what kind of species penetrate the bait as well as what are the seasonal and diurnal dynamics of bait penetration by different groups of animals. The tests were carried out in north−eastern Poland. Digital Trial Camera SGN−5220 were used to record animals within a radius of up to 10−15 m from the location of phototraps (at night). Once a month, 1 kg of maize was spread evenly over the surface of the bait, as is usually done in practice. During the 18−month of observation, 2929 pictures recorded 21 species of animals that penetrated the bait. They included 9 species of birds (from tit to cranes), 4 species of predators (fox, raccoon, raccoon dog, badger) and 4 species of ungulates (Polish horse, roe deer, fallow deer and deer). Animals that can contribute the most to ASF spread are predators, and among the birds: ravens, crows, jays and cranes. The animals penetrated the bait mainly during the night (except for birds), and the longest during one presence during autumn and winter. In the summer, the bait was penetrated by the largest number of species of wild animals (birds, predators, ungulates and of course wild boars). The question arises whether other places where potential food for wild animals is accumulated can also be a source of potential ASF spread.
The research analyses the use of space by the Wild boar living in a human−transformed landscape. CMR method was used. Animals were caught in two complexes from February 2009 to May 2010. Fifty boars were captured. Information on the location and hunting time were collected. Results show small range of activity of investigated Wild boars. Animals were shot within 4 km from the trapping place. The longest distance that Wild boar had passed amounted to over 20 km. Most boars survived up to 50 days from the date of their catch. The maximum survival time was 373 days. Small dispersion of Wild boars is probably caused by philopatry, sufficient food resources and shelter, and the ability to adapt to human presence near the refuges.
Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are regarded as food generalists and opportunists, whose great flexibility in food selection enables them to settle in various environments in a wide geographical area inhabited by them. Wild boars are perceived also as agricultural pests, since due to their dietary habits and a method of food seeking more crops are destroyed than consumed. In European habitat of wild boars, which undergoes long−term transformation, cultivated plants are an important ingredient of wild boars' summer and autumn diet. The issue of damage caused by wild boars has not been widely investigated in Poland so far. We analysed what is the crop damage caused by wild boars in summer and early autumn and whether the accessibility of crops (difference in crop acreage) determine the extent of this damage as well as we investigated if wild boars demonstrate preference to particular crops and how flexible they are while selecting food in the period of its oversupply. Research was based on 4215 reports on damage received by the Spała Forest District (C Poland) in 1999−2009 period. In analysed time wild boars caused damage in the wide range of crops. The greatest number of reports concerned damage in potato and in the fields seeded with cereals, while only a few – in beetroot, charlock, buckwheat and rape crops (tab. 1). Statistically significant and high correlation between the area of crops and the extent of damage was recorded. However, the damage was not serious enough to make the proportion of affected area grow bigger along with the area of crops (tab. 2). Although the analysed time span encompassed only 3 months, distinct differences in the extent of damage to cereal (excluding maize) and potato crops were marked. Crops affected the most in July included cereals. In August cereals were still the most affected crops, yet in September a radical change in wild boars' dietary preferences was noticed, while cereals distinctively came second after potatoes (fig. 2). In general, during summer and early autumn wild boars seeking food on fields damage a wide range of cultivated plants without a particular preference towards any species (evident opportunism in the food selection). The number of reported damage and its spatial extent is correlated with the area of particular species cultivation, yet the proportion of damaged area does not increase along with the crops area. Time, which wild boars can spend seeking for food out of the woods appears to be one of the limiting factors. Significant changes in the structure of damage in the short time span prove that wild boars are highly flexible in food selection, which can definitely facilitate their adaptation to new or changing environmental conditions.
The study assesses potential food resources and cover for Grey partridges reintroduced in extensive agriculture conditions in central Poland. Research material consisted of data from 315 1 m2 study plots located in seven types of land use. Significant dynamics of food resources and cover with regard to season and land use form was found. Small crop areas or lack of intensive agrotechnical treatments do not create favourable conditions for partridges occurrence. Cereal fields may be used by the birds only in autumn−winter time. Meadows and barrens are sufficient environment but only by the time they lose their structure because of vegetation development. Stubbles offer the greatest variability of food, but are not stable part of the landscape and soon after the harvest time partridges leave them.
The aim of the study was to characterize individual quality of mouflon harvested in the Bardzkie Mountains (south−west Poland). The assessment criteria included horn dimensions, i.e. their length, circumference (base, middle and top), spread and twist. These features were individually analyzed for each mouflon ram. Medal value of the trophies expressed as CIC scores increased with the ram age reaching 187.12 for 6−years−old animals. Three out of 50 measured trophies were classified into the bronze medal category, as they crossed the threshold of 185 CIC points. All medal−winning individuals were 6 years old.
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