Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 20

Liczba wyników na stronie
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 1 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników

Wyniki wyszukiwania

help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 1 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
The endocannabinoid system consists of cannabinoid (CB) receptors CB1 and CB2, several endogenous ligands (e.g., anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol ; 2-AG), and many membrane-bound metabolizing enzymes. Endocannabinoids and mainly CB1 receptors are important for regulation of goal-maintained behaviors as well as for different pathologies affecting these processes. CB1 receptors modulate function on dopamine transmission through indirect mechanisms involving GABA or glutamate neurons while anandamide and certain eicosanoid-derived cannabinoids may also directly activate transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) channels found in some dopaminergic pathways, thus allowing a direct regulation of dopamine function. Recent, preclinical reports indicate, that drugs affected endocannabinoid/endovanilloid system may play key role in drug addiction, especially in reinstatement of cocaine seeking behavior (Filip et al. 2006). Latest results coming from our laboratories indicate a role for CB1, CB2 or TRPV1 receptors to control food self-administration but not cocaine rewarding actions. We also report inhibitory effects of CB1, CB2 or TRPV1 receptor antagonists on drug-primed cocaine-seeking behavior. Only CB1 receptor antagonism attenuated cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Ex vivo autoradiography (CB1 receptor binding measurements) and the LC/MS system (endocannabinoid/endovanilloid levels) revealed that chronic cocaine (either active or passive administration) evokes upregulation of rat brain CB1 receptors lasting until 10 days of cocaine withdrawal while self-administered cocaine (but not given passively in a “yoked” procedure) modulates the brain levels of anandamide and 2-AG. This study was supported by the grants by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (Poland) to P.A. and B.B., as well as by the statutory activity of the Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy.
The present study was designed to examine the effect of 5-HT1B receptor ligands microinjected into the subregions of the nucleus accumbens (the shell and the core) on the locomotor hyperactivity induced by cocaine in rats. Male Wistar rats were implanted bilaterally with cannulae into the accumbens shell or core, and then were locally injected with GR 55562 (an antagonist of 5-HT1B receptors) or CP 93129 (an agonist of 5-HT1B receptors). Given alone to any accumbal subregion, GR 55562 (0.1-10 µg/side) or CP 93129 (0.1-10 µg/side) did not change basal locomotor activity. Systemic cocaine (10 mg/kg) significantly increased the locomotor activity of rats. GR 55562 (0.1-10 µg/side), administered intra-accumbens shell prior to cocaine, dose-dependently attenuated the psychostimulant-induced locomotor hyperactivity. Such attenuation was not found in animals which had been injected with GR 55562 into the accumbens core. When injected into the accumbens shell (but not the core) before cocaine, CP 93129 (0.1-10 µg/side) enhanced the locomotor response to cocaine; the maximum effect being observed after 10 µg/side of the agonist. The later enhancement was attenuated after intra-accumbens shell treatment with GR 55562 (1 µg/side). Our findings indicate that cocaine induced hyperlocomotion is modified by 5-HT1B receptor ligands microinjected into the accumbens shell, but not core, this modification consisting in inhibitory and facilitatory effects of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist (GR 55562) and agonist (CP 93129), respectively. In other words, the present results suggest that the accumbal shell 5-HT1B receptors play a permissive role in the behavioural response to the psychostimulant.
15
45%
Recent reports indicate that endocannabinoid (eCB) system may be involved in depression and in the antidepressant-like activity demonstrated in experimental models. The present study examined the effects of the eCB uptake inhibitor 4-hydroxyphenyl-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenamide (AM404; 0.1-3 mg/kg), the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester (URB597; 0.03-0.3 mg/kg), the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist (–)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl) phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-cyclohexanol (CP55,940; 0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and the CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant (0.3-3 mg/kg) on immobility time in the forced swim test (FST) in rats. Moreover, the effects of AM404, CP55,940 and URB597 on the antidepressant-like activity of imipramine and citalopram in the FST were also examined. We found that AM404 (0.3-3 mg/kg), CP55,940 (0.1 mg/kg) and URB597 (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) reduced the immobility time of rats, while rimonabant (0.3-3 mg/kg) was inactive in this respect. We also observed that the anti-immobility effects of AM404 (1 mg/kg), CP55,940 (0.1 mg/kg) and URB597 (0.3 mg/kg), but not of imipramine (30 mg/kg), were blocked by rimonabant (3 mg/kg). In another set of experiments we showed that the inactive dose of AM404 (0.1 mg/kg) potentiated the effects of the inactive doses of imipramine (15 mg/kg) or citalopram (30 mg/kg), while CP55,940 (0.03 mg/kg) and URB597 (0.03 mg/kg) enhanced the effect of imipramine only. None of the drugs studied, given alone or in combination, increased the basal locomotor activity of rats. Our results indicate that activation of the eCB system induces antidepressant-like effects in the FST in rats, and that these effects are mediated by CB1 receptors. Moreover, they also indicate that agents activating eCB transmission enhance the anti-immobility responses to antidepressant drugs.
Some empirical evidence suggests that the endocannabinoids (eCB) (e.g. anandamide) may play an important role in cocaine addiction. The eCB act as a retrograde messengers activating CB receptors at the presynaptic membrane and are degraded by enzymatic actions of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The present study aimed to examine the effect of the FAAH inhibitors, phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF; i.p.) or cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3-carbamoyl biphenyl-3-yl ester (URB597; i.p.) on the cocaine- or food-maintained self-administration as well as on the cocaine-seeking or food-taking behaviors in rats. Male Wistar rats were implanted with a catheter (iv.) and trained to self-administer cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement with a conditioned stimulus (tone+light). After self-administration stabilized, extinction/reinstatement procedures were carried out during which the rats were tested for the response reinstatement induced by cocaine (10 mg/kg, ip) or a cue (light+tone). The food (sweetened milk) self-administration and extinction/reinstatement procedures were conducted in a manner resembling cocaine self-administration. Neither PMSF (30–120 mg/kg) nor URB597 (0.1–3 mg/kg) affected cocaine self-administration. PMSF, 60 mg/kg, significantly reduced cocaine-induced reinstatement and at 120 mg/kg (combined with the challenge dose of cocaine) it evoked behavioral disruption. PMSF (60-120 mg/kg) dose-dependently inhibited cue-induced reinstatement. URB597 (1-3 mg/kg) attenuated both cocaine- and cue-induced drug-seeking behaviors. PMSF (60 mg/kg) decreased food self-administration. Toward reinstatement of food-taking behavior PMSF (60-120 mg/kg) and URB597 (3 mg/kg) showed inhibitory effects. Our results indicate that FAAH inhibitors could be potent modulators of motivational and conditioned aspects of goal-directed behaviors with less prominent effects on consumatory behaviors.
The efficacy of 1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline (1MeTIQ), a member of endogenous tetrahydroisoquinolines, in cocaine- and food-maintained responding in self-administration procedures under a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement as well as in cocaine and food seeking behaviors in male Wistar rats was examined. The effects of 1MeTIQ on cocaine discrimination and on basal locomotor activity were also assessed. In rats trained to self-administered either cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/injection) paired with the cue (light+tone) or food under a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement, 1MeTIQ (25 - 50 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the cocaine-maintained responding, but did not alter the food-maintained responding. 1MeTIQ (25 - 50 mg/kg) decreased the cocaine seeking behavior reinstated by a noncontingent presentation of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), but altered neither behavior reinstated by a discrete cue (tone+light) nor food-induced reinstatement. In rats trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg) from saline in water-reinforced fixed ratio 20 task, pretreatment with 1MeTIQ resulted in neither substitution nor significant alterations in the cocaine (1.25 - 10 mg/kg)-induced discriminative stimulus effects. 1MeTIQ (25 - 50 mg/kg) did not produce also a significant changes in basal horizontal activity. In conclusion, our present results outline a significance of exogenously applied 1MeTIQ in attenuating drug-evoked relapses to cocaine as well as the direct rewarding properties of cocaine (that model the cocaine-induced "high"), but not cocaine subjective effects. Moreover, a dissociation between effects of 1MeTIQ on cocaine vs. food-maintained responding was demonstrated.
20
Content available remote

The effect of amphetamine sensitization on mouse immunoreactivity

33%
Recent studies indicate a role of the immune system in the behavioral effects of amphetamine in rodents. In the present study we attempted to find a connection between the behavioral changes induced by repeated, intermittent administration of amphetamine and some immunological consequences of sensitization to amphetamine in mice. Male Albino Swiss mice were treated repeatedly (for 5 days) with amphetamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.). On day 9, they received a challenge dose of amphetamine (1 mg/kg). Acute administration of amphetamine increased their locomotor activity by ca. 40%. In animals treated repeatedly with amphetamine, the challenge dose of the psychostimulant induced behavioral sensitization, i.e. the higher locomotor activation as compared with that after its first administration to mice. Immune functions were evaluated by the ability of splenocytes to proliferate and to produce cytokines such as interferongamma(IFN-gamma ), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10. Acute amphetamine administration significantly decreased, by ca. 30% and 25%, the proliferation of splenocytes in response to an optimal and a suboptimal dose of concanavalin A (Con A), respectively, and increased their ability to produce IL-4. Chronic intermittent treatment with amphetamine significantly decreased, by ca. 65% and 50%, the proliferative response of T cells to an optimal and a suboptimal dose of Con A, respectively, and diminished by 20% the metabolic activity of splenocytes. The above data showed that both acute and chronic amphetamine administration diminished some aspects of the cell-mediated immunity; nevertheless, immunosuppression was particularly evident in amphetamine-sensitized mice. Our findings seem to indicate possible importance of monitoring and correcting immune changes in the therapy of amphetamine addiction.
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 1 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.