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The proteolytic system of insects, both its protease activities, and protease inhibitors activities, in the hemolymph and digestive tract are poorly described. The authors present protease inhibitors activities in connection with the level of antifungal activities as a part of the honeybee body surface proteolytic system. The object of the study was to compare this in castes (the queen, workers and drones), in developmental stages (eggs, larvae, pupae and imagoes) and in seasons (spring, summer and autumn). The following methods were used: protease inhibitors activity testing by the Lee and Lin method and antifungal activity testing in the presence of marker fungi on the SABG substratum. The highest protease inhibitors activities were present on the workers and the lowest ones on the queen, according to exposure to pathogens. The highest protease inhibitors activities were present during the autumn and spring. The highest protease inhibitors activities were observed in the spring in the worker larvae (16.697 U/mg) and in the mature workers (17.605 U/mg). Surface protease inhibitors activity was not observed in the drone eggs and larvae for neutral pH and in the queen larvae and pupae for neutral and alkaline pH in the summer. The larvae and pupae were found to have higher acidic protease inhibitors activity than the imagoes. The obtained results of antifungal activity presented better enthomopathogen protection in the workers and queens than in the drones. The authors have provided data connecting body surface inhibitors with antifungal cuticle protection. Our data present an initial pattern of the honeybee body surface proteolysis, and will pave the way for future biochemical studies of immunity in this insect.
The main aim of the study was to assess whether the presence of biphosphate Pamidronate (PA) in the cement implanted into the tibial bones had any effect on the chosen biochemical markers in rat's serum characterising homeostasis. Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into two control groups and two experimental groups. Tibial bone of rats in the experimental groups was implanted with PA-enriched cement, whereas the bone in control-group's rats was implanted with cement without PA. Serum activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine kinase (CK) were determined three and six weeks after the surgery. Statistically significant differences in the activities of AST and CK of the rats after implantation with non-enriched cement when compared to rats given PA-enriched cement implantation, were tound. Six weeks after treatment, AST levels decreased significantly in rats with PA-enriched cement, whereas rats in the control group (implanted with non-enriched cement) demonstrated a significant increase in AST activity in comparison to the same values determined after three weeks and values of PA-enriched cement rats determined after six weeks. The activities of CK were higher in rats with PA-enriched implants than in the control group three weeks after surgery, but six weeks after the treatment, rats implanted with enriched cement reached lower values than animals implanted with non-enriched cement. The use of PA in the cement had also some positive effect on the homeostasis of the rats after the surgery and a positive influence on the post operative muscle regeneration process.
The aim of the work was to determine the activity of protease inhibitors sampled from the body surface of bee workers kept in a natural hive environment and in a cage. The samples were collected for five weeks. 40 cage samples and 50 hive samples were gathered, each containing 10 bees. Hydrophilic (water-treated) and hydrophobic (Triton-rinsed) proteins were isolated from the insects. The samples containing washed-out proteins were tested as follows: the activity of aspartic and serine protease inhibitors by the Lee and Lin method; electrophoretic analysis of proteins in a polyacrylamide gel for protease inhibitor detection by means of the modified Felicioli method; and in vivo tests of antifungal and antibacterial activity using the double application method. The cage environment had a destabilizing effect on the natural protease inhibitor system causing radical variation in its activity, which was not the case with the hive environment. The samples were not found to be active in relation to M. luteus and E. coli. The cage bees were less resistant to microorganisms. The results of the in vivo microorganismal test confirmed the fact of weaker protease inhibitor activity in the washed-out body-surface samples of the cage bees that was also observed in in vitro biochemical analyses. The results of cage-based analyses of non-specific apian resistance should be treated with caution when used in reference to hive bees.
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