Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników

Znaleziono wyników: 25

Liczba wyników na stronie
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 2 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników

Wyniki wyszukiwania

help Sortuj według:

help Ogranicz wyniki do:
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 2 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model that mimics many aspects of multiple sclerosis (MS). Chronic or relapsing inflammation of the central nervous system results in the destruction of myelin sheath and cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of both MS and EAE. Myelin, oligodendrocytes and neurons are lost due to an inflammatory attack by leukocytes infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) and releasing cytotoxic cytokines, anti CNS antibodies and large amounts of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. Pharmacological studies have suggested that glutamate receptors mediate white matter injury in a variety of CNS diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Memantine and amantadine are ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) antagonists. Memantine, a clinically applied drug with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonistic effects, dose-dependently ameliorates neurological deficits in Lewis rats subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of memantine and amantadine on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines such interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and various chemokines in the brain of EAE rats. Real-time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Western Blot were used to analyze the cytokine profile. We noticed increased expression of array of cytokines in experimental group when compared to the control. Dramatic increase of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and chemokines concentration corresponding to the intensity of neurological symptoms and loss of weight was observed in EAE rats. Administration of iGluR antagonists at an advanced stage of unremitting EAE resulted in amelioration of the disease. Cytokine analysis revealed that memantine significantly decreased the expression of interleukins: IL-6 (65%), IL-1β (60%) and TNF-α (45%) whereas treatment with amantadine reduced only the expression of IL-6 (60%) and TNF-α (15%) when compared to EAE animals. These results show that antagonists of iGlu receptors modulate the course of the disease by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines thereby confirming the involvement of glutamate receptors into pathological mechanisms operating during EAE. This study was supported by grant nr NN401620038 from Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education
Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) demonstrates selective affi nity to arachidonic acid (AA) liberation, which is known to be elevated in PD. We indicated that NO/GC/cGMP pathway was upregulated in the primary astrocyte culture treated with MPP+. We investigated if the cGMP/cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway was involved in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced cPLA2 activation of the primary astrocyte culture. We found increased levels of total and phosphorylated cPLA2 and increased AA release in the primary astrocyte culture exposed to MPP+. We used cPLA2-specifi c inhibitors and Ca2+- independent PLA2 (iPLA2), and we found that cPLA2 released more AA after stimulation with MPP+ than iPLA2 and that there was a time-dependent delay of AA release by iPLA2 compared to cPLA2. The PKG inhibitor KT5823 decreased MPP-induced AA release in the primary astrocyte culture. KT5823, in addition to PKC and ERK1/2 inhibitors, decreased cPLA2 activity as well as total and phosphorylated cPLA2 protein levels in the astrocyte treated with MPP+. Dual treatment with PKG and PKC or ERK1/2 inhibitors had the same effect on cPLA2 activity and protein levels. PKG is involved in the enhancement of cPLA2 phosphorylation at Serine-505 and in AA release in the astrocyte exposed to MPP+. Our results indicate that the nNOS/cGMP/ PKG pathway stimulates cPLA2 phosphorylation at Ser-505 by activation of PKC or ERK1/2. These results suggest that activation of cPLA2 by upregulation nNOS/cGMP pathway may play important role in MPP+-induced astrocyte activation, neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in the nigrostriatal system.
We investigated if the cGMP/cCGP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) signaling pathway was involved in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced cPLA2 activation of dopaminergic neuronal cells (PC12 cells). We found increased levels of total and phosphorylated cPLA2 and increased AA release in the nigrostriatal system of MPTPinduced parkinsonism mice and in PC12 cells exposed to MPP+. We used cPLA2-specifi c inhibitors and Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2), and we found that cPLA2 released more AA after stimulation with MPTP/MPP+ than iPLA2 and that there was a time-dependent delay of AA release by iPLA2 compared to cPLA2. The PKG inhibitor KT5823 decreased MPTP-induced AA release in the nigrostriatal pathway. KT5823, in addition to PKC and ERK1/2 inhibitors, decreased cPLA2 activity as well as total and phosphorlyated cPLA2 protein levels in the midbrain and striatum of MPTP-induced parkinsonism mice. Inhibition occurred within 30 minutes and persisted for up to 24 hours. Similar results were also observed in MPP+-treated PC12 cells. Dual treatment with PKG and PKC inhibitors had the same effect on cPLA2 activity and protein levels. PKG is involved in the enhancement of cPLA2 phosphorylation at Serine-505 and in AA release in PC12 cells exposed to MPP+. In PC12 cells, inhibitors of cPLA2 and PKG increased viability and prevented MPP+-induced apoptosis. Our results indicate that the nNOS/cGMP/PKG pathway stimulates cPLA2 phosphorylation at Ser-505 by activation of PKC or ERK1/2. Our results also suggest that upregulation of the nNOS/cGMP pathway observed in experimental models of PD may mediate dopaminergic neuron degeneration and death through activation of cPLA2. This work was supported by MSHE, Scientifi c Network nr. 28/E32/SN-0053/2007
Pierwsza strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wstecz Poprzednia strona wyników Strona / 2 Następna strona wyników Pięć stron wyników wprzód Ostatnia strona wyników
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.