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The level of polymorphism, genetic variability and relatedness of the Antarctic hairgrass Deschampsia antarctica Desv. Populations from South Shetlands Is. (King George I., Penguin I., Livingstone I.), from vicinity of Antarctic Peninsula (Galindez I., Uruguay I.), and Falklands Is. (Jason Is., Sealion I.) were studied using the AFLP approach. Six EcoRI/MseI type selective primer pairs combinations were used for AFLP profiling and amplified scoreable DNA fragments; than AMOVA and PCA were performed. The level of molecular variability among all individuals from all the analysed populations was low and reach only 5.4 % irrespective of the distance between the localities and it was not significant at a broader geographical scale, even among the three groups of populations (South Shetlands Is., vicinity of Antarctic Peninsula, and Falklands Is.). PCA analysis shows that all populations formed uniform groups according to their locations.
Combined morphological and molecular techniques were used to characterize variation in Elymus repens. We studied the morphological variability of E. repens in relation to the degree of its genetic differentiation, in order to unravel the causes of conspicuous intraspecific morphological variation. Four populations of E. repens from different habitats were analyzed for 35 morphological characters, and their genetic differentiation was assessed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Four pairs of selective primers were used to detect a total of 279 AFLP bands, of which 104 (37.28%) were polymorphic between populations. Cluster analysis based on AFLP fingerprint data showed that individuals were arranged in population-specific groups. The analyses of variance (ANOVA and AMOVA) indicated significant morphological and genetic differentiation among populations (P<0.01). This study revealed low levels of AFLP variation, which suggests that conspicuous morphological variation of E. repens is caused by plasticity. E. repens is an evolutionarily young species, of hybrid origin, in which microevolutionary processes continue. This study showed that common analysis of genetic diversity and morphology is a powerful tool in low-level taxonomy.
The aim of this study was to identify the genetic changes in rye seeds induced by natural aging during long-term storage and successive regeneration cycles under gene bank conditions. Genomic DNA from four rye samples (cv. Dańkowskie Złote), varying in their initial viability and having gone through one or three reproduction cycles, were analysed using specific PCR targeting of a secalin locus, and various repetitive fragments defined by the R173 sequence. A statistical analysis of the band frequencies for both secalin and R173.3 primer pairs revealed no changes in their frequencies. Similar data on R173.1 demonstrated significant changes between samples of different initial viability showing a lack of a band of the expected length (987 bp) in progeny originating from low viability seeds lots. These changes were inherited even after three regeneration cycles. Our results may indicate that long-term storage that leads to loss of viability also generates heritable changes in the preserved germplasm. However, it remains to be discovered where these changes occur and whether they are connected with coding or with non-coding DNA regions.
Avena sativa is an important breeding species in Poland which is due to the presence of proteins, soluble fibers, fat, minerals and vitamins. Nevertheless, the development of breeding programs of Avena is limited to low within species genetic variability. Thus, marker technologies capable of identification of many polymorphic markers is required to ensure further breeding progress. The current study was devoted to the exploitation of the silicoDArT markers, based on new generation sequencing approach, for the differentiation of a number of Avena sativa lines from Polish breeding companies. More than 8000 polymorphic markers were identified that differentiated the analyzed materials according to their origin. Cluster analysis and PCoA demonstrated distinctiveness of the materials from breeding companies, especially from Plant Breeding Strzelce. It is being suggested that crossing cultivars originated from different breeding programs should support progress in this species.
The aim of these studies was to analyse the genetic changes induced by natural aging during long-term seed storage of rye. For this purpose, the AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) technique was applied. In the experiment, DNA variation was demonstrated in seven-day-old seedlings of four seed samples of cv. Dankowskie Zlote, showing different levels of viability following long-term storage. Among the 362 AFLP fragments analysed, 73 had significantly different frequencies in at least one of the series. Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCA) based on molecular data revealed differences between the progenies of naturally aged seed samples with variable initial viability. It was clearly shown that materials with low viability differed in structure from highly viable ones, and that the population changes exhibited in the first case are preserved through regenerations. Although changes that were observed for initially viable samples were not so significant, they still occurred - probably as a result of genetic shift.
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