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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the rank and period of lactation, and the daily milk yield on the levels of selected macro-, micro- and ultraelements (Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, I, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, P, S, Se, Zn) in cows’ hair. The experiment was carried out on 93 Holstein-Fresian dairy cows aged from 3 to 5 years, kept in the same breeding conditions. The method of atomic emission measurement with an optical spectroscopy technique was used. The factors analyzed were found to exert significant influence on the levels of Cr, Fe, K, Mo, and Na in cows’ hair.
The present study involved the observation and recording of behavior (vocalizing, defecating, moving about, charging door) in 12 pre-weaned Arab foals when the mare was isolated for a short period. The aim of the study was to determine whether the behavioral signs of distress exhibited were reduced if a novel item appeared in the foal’s stall during the period of separation. The behavior of the foals was observed during two 3 min test sessions of dam’s isolation from foal (mare out of stable; no contact with foal): session 1 - without environmental modification and session 2 - with environmental modification (the foal’s stall enriched by a visual item: a plastic multicolored ball). Separated foals vocalized significantly (P = 0.004) more and charged the door significantly (P = 0.02) more times than “environmentally enriched” foals. When exposed to multicoloured ball, the foals showed item directed behaviours. Therefore, the presence of an enriching item in the stall with a pre-weaned Arab foal while its dam was taken for a short period reduced some behavioral signs of distress displayed and could eliminate the risk of injuring itself.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the level of behavioural reactivity of alpacas during routine procedures (shearing, toenail trimming, teeth trimming) and to compare it with the success in their training (halter and lead training). The study included 18 alpacas kept in one of the alpaca breeding farms in the Lublin region. In part (I) of the study, the behaviour of alpacas was observed during routine care procedures performed by qualified personnel. In part (II), the behaviour of alpacas was observed during training, also done by qualified personnel, which consisted of two stages: alpacas’ learning to accept the halter and lead training. In both parts of the study, alpacas’ behaviour was assessed on a 3-point scale. The study results confirm the relationship between the behavioural reactivity of alpacas during routine care procedures and the success in training these animals. The relationships found in the study suggest that the behavioural assessment of an animal during care procedures can indicate how easy it will be to train. It was found that individuals that were more reactive during care procedures can be better learners during lead training.
The study aimed at testing the hypothesis that mares’ fearfulness is a potential factor differentiating the level of their maternal behaviour. Twenty purebred Arab mares were used. In part one of the study fearfulness of mares without foals was assessed by their behavioural reactivity and heart rate in response to rotating black-white squares (fearfulness test). On that basis the mares were classified into three groups: (1) fearless, n=8, (2) medium-fearful, n=7 and (3) fearful, n=5. In part two,maternal behaviour of mares was assessed in two sessions of separation test: 3 min dam’s partial separation from foal (mare out of box, but with visual, auditory and olfactory contact with foal) and 3 min full separation (mare out of stable, no contact with foal). Locomotor activity, vocalization and defecation frequency as well as heart rate in mares were recorded during both separation tests. The results showed a relation between mares’ fearfulness and their maternal behaviour. Fearless dams vocalized more (10.63±5.32, mean rank 13.00, P<0.05) and showed higher heart rate (138.00±22.66 beats/min, mean rank 15.40, P<0.05) when totally separated from their foals, compared to fearful dams (4.00±3.74 calls, mean rank 6.10; 116.00±20.32 beats/min, mean rank 7.23, P<0.05). Thus, fearless dams generally displayed higher maternal ability which is vitally important in successful breeding. In conclusion, selecting for low fearfulness ensures appropriate maternal behaviour of the brood mares.
The aim of this study was to evaluate selected behavioural traits of cows in milking parlours in relation to parameters of milk performance. Behavioural observations were carried out on 93 cows residing in parallel milking parlours. The study investigated such behavioural and performance parameters as the cows' reactivity before and during milking, the time needed to fit the milking cluster, order of entering the milking parlour, ratio of milking location stability, number and stage of lactation, duration of the milking and milk yield. The order of entering the milking parlour is dependent upon the level of the cows' behavioural reactivity and cows occupying the first places in the milking parlour had a high ratio of milking location stability.
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