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Diachlorini are distributed in 8 vegetation zones, but it is only in Neotropis that they occupy the entire environmental range. Plesiomorphic, intermediate and apomorphic character states in Diachlorini were discussed. The definition of ancestral forms is based on plesiomorphic character states. Their occurrence in Australia is indicated by intermediate character states in east Australia and New Caledonia. A four-step similarity analysis resulted in two clusters of closely related plesiomorphic taxa, one including Cydistomyia TAYL. and Nubiloides COSC.& PHIL., and the other with Cydistomorpha TROJ. as the basis for all other clusters, but nearest to Neotropical Stenotabanus LUTZ-related taxa. Similiarity analysis confirmed the hypothesis of much closer morphological relations between South American and Australian taxa, than between Australian and South African ones. Transantarctic hypothesis is confirmed.
Chionea (Niphadobata) lutescens Lundstr. and Boreus westwoodi Hagen were caught in Moericke’s trap during a snowy December in the year 2004 in Kampinos National Park.
Diachlorini s. str. have a disjunctive distribution in the world, their occurrence being limited to 4 centres: American, Mediterranean, South African and Oriental-Australian. Speciation and dispersal centres are only found in tropical areas in South America and New Guinea. Diachlorini s. str. do not occur on the Asian continent, except for the Indian Peninsula (belonging to the Oriental Region) and a small stretch of the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea (belonging to the Mediterranean region). Relationships between the taxa of individual regions are discussed.
The hypothesis that the Manchurian-Korean refugium of forest flora and fauna played a role in the formation of the European biota in the postglacial period is confirmed by: geographical vicarance in the Palaearctic region, the distribution of fossil species, the similarity of the present-day climate to that in the Tertiary, the disappearance of the sea barrier between Europe and Asia in the Quaternary, ecological corridors serving as migration pathways between Europe and the Far East. The data point to the importance of studies of the biota of Poland and Korea for the explanation of the genesis and evolution of the living world.
Bicentric versus monocentric concept of Tabaninae evolution are discussed. Recent division of the subfamily, including redefinition of the tribe Lepidoselagini, opened the possibility of tracing plesiomorphic taxa In Northern Hemisphere. 9 such genera with 26 species are distributed in Holarctic. They occur chiefly in arboreal centers. The disjunction of Glaucops Szil. and partly of Ochrops Szil. indicates preglacial occurrence of the tribe in Northern Hemisphere.
A study conducted in three study sites in the canopy layer of a pine forest in the Berezinsky Biospheric Reserve has yielded 7 species of Rhagionidae, 6 of Therevidae and 6 of Asilidae.
Numerical methods of faunistical research make possible estimation of species diversity and analysis of taxocoene structure. This enables a new approach to the problems of species diversity protection. The most important issue is the preservation of endangered and vulnerable species. They are an integral part of the normal and developed structure of communities, where they can occur as both recedent and dominant species.
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