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The aim of this study was to remove Cd2+ by ion-exchange resin Amberjet 1200H in flow condition. The adsorption characteristics of metal onto the resin were accurately described by Freundlich isotherms. The ion exchange of cadmium on resin follows pseudo-second-order kinetics. Ion exchange capacities of the cadmium on the ion exchange resin was studied in metal solution. The capacities of sorption were 3.0 meq Cd/g, and the resin can be generated by HCl.
Sheep manure was used to prepare biochar under pyrolysis temperature of 600ºC. The structural features of biochar were characterized by elemental analysis, BET analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of pH, biochar dosage, adsorption time, temperature on adsorption of methyl orange (MO) in water by sheep manure biochar, as well as its adsorption mechanism, were investigated via batch experiments. The results showed that the sheep manure biochar had large specific surface area, abundant hole structure and high aromaticity and polarity. When temperature was 25ºC, MO concentration was 20 mg/L, initial pH was 4.0, and biochar dosage was 0.6 g/L, the adsorption achieved balance at about 250min, and the MO removal rate reached to 92.55%. Pseudo second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model could more accurately describe the adsorption behavior of MO onto sheep manure biochar, and the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity was 42.513 to 45.563 mg/g. Besides, the process is a favorable adsorption. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption was a spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-increasing process. Sheep manure biochar could be used as a good adsorption material for MO in water, which achieved the goal of controlling waste by waste.
Hypoxia is well known to occur in contaminated water environments, but it is still unclear about its effects on transcription of hypoxia-inducible genes and apoptotic control genes in zebrafish during development. In this study, the expression of select genes during zebrafish embryonic development was detected at mRNA level to investigate spatio-temporal changes of hypoxia-inducible genes and apoptosis control genes, as well as the correlation between these genes. Results showed that up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1α) mRNA occurred within the first 2 h of exposure to hypoxia, followed by up-regulation of other hypoxia-inducible genes controlled by HIF-1α, such as erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor. 48 hpf (the critical period for embryonic development, especially for the development of a cardiac system) and 40 dpf (the critical period for sex differentiation and development) were found to be the two sensitive windows to hypoxia, at which time significant changes in the mRNA expression of all selected hypoxia-inducible genes were clearly evident. A higher ratio of pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) vs. anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2) transcriptions was found in the head as compared with in the tail under hypoxia. A higher Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was found in hypoxic males than in hypoxic females, suggesting that hypoxia potentially favors the formation of testes by inducing apoptosis in ovaries during the hermaphroditism in zebrafish, which in turn causes a malebiased sex ratio.
It is known that the dominance of graminoid species is promoted by N addition; however, there has been relatively little effort to examine the pattern induced by natural N fertility. Since nutrie nt use e fficiency (NUE) is an important trait determining plant competitive ability, we expected that the species guild with higher NUE (lower nutrient content) may be more competitive on infertile soils. We explo red t he relationships between relative forbs biomass share , soil N and productivity by the linear regressi on analysis on a natural alpine meadow in northeast of Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau (3600 m a.s.l.). To test the variety of leaf N:P stoichiometry, paired t test and general linear model multivariate (GLM) analysis were also used. We f ound that the leaf N:P ratios of the whole community were below 13 in studied sites, which may be consistent with the N limitation on the veget ation. Graminoids re tained lower concentrations of leaf N and P than forbs in community on the Nlimited grassland. Consistent with our prediction, we found that the biomass fraction of graminoids declined with soil N content and aboveground production on the grassland. Different from the pattern along fertility gradients induced by N fertilization, our results showed that gr aminoids with lower internal nutrient content w ere able to resist low levels of nutrient availability on the natural alpine grassland when compared to forbs.
Root restriction was applied to ‘Summer black’ grape (Vitis vinifera L. 9 Vitis labrusca L.) to investigate its effect on anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berry during development. Anthocyanin composition and expression patterns of 16 genes in anthocyanin pathway were thus analyzed. The results showed that the anthocyanin levels in berry skin were significantly increased and the anthocyanin profile was enriched. Gene expression pattern revealed that the increased anthocyanins coincide with the up-regulated expression of all 16 genes investigated, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate CoA ligase, chalcone synthase 1, chalcone synthase 2, chalcone synthase 3, chalcone isomerase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 1, flavanone 3-hydroxylase 2, flavonoid 30-hydroxylase (F30H), flavonoid 30,50-hydroxylase (F3050H), di-hydroflavonol 4-reductase, leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, O-methyltransferases (OMT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (3GT), UDP-glucose:flavonoid 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5GT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The increased total anthocyanins predominantly resulted from the increase of tri-hydroxylated, methoxylated and monoglycosylated rather than di-hydroxylated, non-methoxylated, and di-glycosylated forms, which might be due to the differential regulation of F3050H/F30H, OMT and 3GT, respectively.
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