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1

64-ty Walny Zjazd Niemieckiego Towarzystwa Teriologicznego (Osnabruck, 23-27 IX 1990)

100%
Rychlik L.
Przegląd Zoologiczny
|
1991
|
tom 35
|
nr 1-2
2

Differences in foraging behaviour between water shrews: Neomys anomalus and Neomys fodiens

100%
Rychlik L.
Acta Theriologica
|
1997
|
tom 42
|
nr 4
The modes and efficiency of foraging in the terrestrial and aquatic habitats in water shrews Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 and N. fodiens (Pennant, 1771) were compared in order to investigate if these species can avoid competition for food when they occur syntopically. Seven individuals of N. anomalus and five of N. fodiens, caught in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, were tested individually in the terrarium of size 3 x 0.5 m, containing a 0.25-m-wide 'stream' with flowing water of an average depth 25 cm. Six experimental variants, simulating different habitat conditions, were established. Each animal was tested in a given variant during 3 succeeding days for 6 h a day. In total, 738 h of shrews' behaviour were recorded in darkness using 2 infra-red sensitive video-cameras. Results obtained on four N. fodiens tested with similar methods (648 h; Ruthardt 1990) were included for comparison. N. anomalus swam and dived significantly shorter than N. fodiens, and they did not take food under water, even when there was no food on land. N. fodiens found and took food placed under water and foraged quite efficiently here. They found on average 17.7% of food portions placed under water in the most similar to natural conditions and 19.4% when there was no food on land. In both species foraging time on land was much longer than in water. The presence of natural structures increased duration and efficiency of foraging, but this influence was stronger in N. anomalus than in N. fodiens. These results and literature data suggest that in the wild: (1) both species forage in shallow water and in muddy grounds of wet habitats (wading foraging mode), and also in drier terrestrial habitats (epigeal and hypogeal foraging); (2) only N. fodiens forage in deep water (aquatic foraging); (3) the competition for food between N. anomalus and N. fodiens may be very weak, when potential aquatic prey are available.
3

Habitat preferences of four sympatric species of shrews

100%
Rychlik L.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
2000
|
tom 45
|
nr 1
4

Overlap of temporal niches among four sympatric species of shrews

100%
Rychlik L.
Acta Theriologica
|
2005
|
tom 50
|
nr 2
Hypotheses about the dependence of circadian activity from metabolic rate and the segregation of temporal niches among competing species were verified by the study of activity patterns in a shrew community of two semiaquatic species,Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 andN. fodiens (Pennant, 1771), and two terrestrial species,Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 andS. minutus Linnaeus, 1766, co-existing in wet habitats of Białowieża Forest (E Poland). In ten trapping sessions, performed in early summer between 1991 and 2000, traps were open 24 hours continuously and patrolled at 1:00, 5:00, 10:00, 15:00, and 20:00. All the shrew species were most active between 20:00 and 1:00, and least active around mid-day (10:00–15:00). However, activity of the twoSorex species was lower than that of the twoNeomys species in the period 20:00–1:00, but higher in the period 15:00–20:00. BothNeomys species displayed clearly nocturnal, unimodal patterns of activity. In contrast, activity of bothSorex species was relatively evenly distributed over 24 hours and they increased their activity earlier (ie after 15:00) than bothNeomys species (after 20:00). These results confirm the idea that small shrew species with higher metabolic rate have more frequent and more equally distributed activity bouts than large species. Overlap of temporal niches was the highest within genera (99.29% between bothNeomys species and 98.36% between bothSorex species), the lowest betweenN. fodiens andS. araneus (88.26%) andS. minutus (89.34%), and intermediate betweenN. anomalus and bothSorex species (91.78 and 93.34%, respectively). Such high interspecific overlaps in activity suggest a joint-action of other mechanisms that separate ecological niches of these species also in other dimensions (eg food, microhabitat).
5

Nest building activity as thermoprotective maternal behaviour in rats

63%
Rychlik L., Korda P.
Acta Theriologica
|
1989
|
tom 34
|
nr 12-28
6

Aggressiveness of a Neomys fodiens parous female towards conspecific and N.anomalus intruders

63%
Krushinska N. L., Rychlik L.
Acta Theriologica
|
1994
|
tom 39
|
nr 3
Reactions of a Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) parous female [FP] to 4 conspecific and 3 N. anomalus Cabrera, 1907 intruders were studied quantitatively in enclosure (135 x 135 cm) experiments. Total time of observations was 30 hr. FP initiated 5.6 intraspecific conflicts per 1 hr (1.95/hr of these were pouncings and fightings) with adult males, 0.8 conflicts/hr with a juvenile female, and 4.7 conflicts/hr with a N. ano­malus adult male. Reactions of N. fodiens parous female were several times more aggressive than interactions between non-breeding 'residents' and 'immigrants' of both water shrew species tested under the same conditions in earlier studies.
7

Does the reduction of locomotor activity serve as an aggression avoidance mechanism in shrews [Soricidae]?

63%
Zwolak R., Rychlik L.
Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities. Series Biology
|
2004
|
tom 07
|
nr 2
The hypothesis, that shrews avoid intra- and interspecific aggression through a reduction of their loco-motor activity, was tested. In 55 neutral arena tests (each of 30-min-duration), 10 subadult individuals of Sorex minutus, 14 of S. araneus, 9 (including 1 adult male) of Neomys anomalus, and 13 of N. fodiens were used. Loco-motor activity and sum of conflicts (attacks, chases, escapes and threats) in 1st-5th minutes of interactions (phase I) and 10th-15th minutes (phase II) were compared. In all the species, both in intra- and interspecific interactions, a reduction of mobility between phases I and II was observed (in 6 out of 16 comparisons the difference was statistically significant, and in the 7th comparison it was fairly significant). The highest reduction of activity was observed in the smallest S. minutus, and the lowest reduction (no difference was significant) in the largest, dominating N. fodiens.
8

Behavioural mechanisms of conflict avoidance among shrews

63%
Rychlik L., Zwolak R.
Acta Theriologica
|
2005
|
tom 50
|
nr 3
Stable co-existence of similar species should be facilitated by mechanisms impairing, besides exploitative, interference competition. We investigated avoidance of intra- and interspecific conflicts in a four-species community of shrews [Sorex minutus Linnaeus, 1766,S. araneus Linnaeus, 1758,Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907, andN. fodiens (Pennant, 1771)], using the method of dyadic encounters in a neutral arena. We tested whether the use of passive (habituation, reduction of mobility, increase of inter-individual distance, and stillness) and active (‘to-and-fro’ and ‘keeping distance’ behaviours) forms of conflict avoidance depends on species, size or domination rank. The duration of conflicts was positively correlated with mobility and negatively with inter-individual distance, whereas it was unrelated to time of stillness and the active forms. The repertoire of conflict avoidance mechanisms was not species-specific and the display of these mechanisms depended rather on the size and domination rank of animals participating in a given interaction. In contrast to rodents, shrews did not avoid conflicts by the most passive forms: freeze and stillness reactions. All other forms were used with a higher or lower efficiency by all species. However, consistent with our predictions, large shrews (asN. fodiens) used mainly the passive mechanisms of conflicts avoidance (‘wait-and-see’ strategy), whereas small shrews (asS. minutus) invest proportionally more time in active forms (‘escape’ strategy).
9

Systemy socjalne ryjowkowatych

63%
Rychlik L.
Kosmos
|
1996
|
tom 45
|
nr 2-3
561-582
10

Survey of discarded bottles as an effective method in detection of small mammal diversity

51%
Kolenda K., Przybyl M., Pilacinska B., Rychlik L.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2018
|
tom 66
|
nr 1
We assess if survey of containers discarded by people (and collected within environmental cleanup actions) may be an useful method in detection of small mammal species and how different parameters of containers affect mammal mortality. The discarded containers without stoppers were collected from two sites (one forest and one agricultural) in western Poland. In 13 bottles (out of 288 collected containers), 58 specimens belonging to 10 species were found. Remains were found mostly in color glass bottles with mouth diameter 18–31 mm and 0.5–5.0 l capacity. We detected only six small mammal species during four short-term live-trapping sessions performed in the same sites. Thus, we suggest that the survey of discarded bottles may be an efficient complement to traditional scientific methods (as live-trapping), which can be performed by both specialists and amateurs, who, at the same time, would clean the environment of the ecological traps.
11

A Northern refugium of the Mediterranean water shrew Neomys anomalus in Slowinski National Park (N Poland)

51%
Rychlik L., Stachowiak A., Nowak U., Kardynia P.
Biological Letters
|
2012
|
tom 49
|
nr 1
12

The transstadial persistence of tick-borne encephalitis virus in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks in natural conditions

51%
Karbowiak G., Biernat B., Werszko J., Rychlik L.
Acta Parasitologica
|
2016
|
tom 61
|
nr 1
13

Atlas ssaków Polski

51%
Okarma H., Bogdanowicz W., Rychlik L., Szuma E.
Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą
|
2011
|
tom 67
|
nr 1
14

Trypanosoma [Megatrypanum] ornata sp. n., a parasite of the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens [Pennant, 1771]

51%
Karbowiak G., Wita I., Rychlik L.
Acta Protozoologica
|
2005
|
tom 44
|
nr 4
15

Agonistic interactions between resident and immigrant sympatric water shrews: Neomys fodiens and N.anomalus

51%
Krushinska N. L., Rychlik L., Pucek Z.
Acta Theriologica
|
1994
|
tom 39
|
nr 3
Behavioral mechanisms which control resident-immigrant relations in wild popula­tions of Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 1771) and N. anomalus Cabrera, 1907 were studied by quantitative analysis of agonistic interactions between animals inhabiting the enclosure for at least 1 week ('residents') and animals newly introduced ('immigrants'). Tested animals (46 N. fodiens and 24 N. anomalus) were observed in one- and two-species groups or pairs in enclosures of 275 x 135 or 135 x 135 cm built in a laboratory room. During 214 hours of direct observation, social behaviour and patterns of hiding place usage were registered. Individual occupation of the neat boxes, a great number of conflicts among/bdiens-'residents', and a targe number of conflicts between /bdiens-'immigrants' and -'residents' suggest that strong territorial competition in breeding females and strong competition for females in adult males occur between residents and immigrants of the wild N. /odtercs-populations. Group occupation of the nest boxes, a very low degree of aggressiveness among anoma/iis-'residents' and the tolerant interactions between anom.a/«s-'immigrants' and -'residents' suggest that, in wild populations, N. anomalus are gregarious and inhabit given areas in groups. The low number of interspecific conflicts between 'residents' suggests that in the two-spe­cies stabilized groups, behavioral mechanisms exist, which allow N. anomalus to avoid conflicts with the more aggressive N. fodiens. Since the number of conflicts between /bdiercs-'residents' and arioma/us-'immigrants' is much greater than between 'residents' of the two species, it seems that these mechanisms are active learning rather than simple habituation. The decrease in the number of interspecific conflicts within 1-3 days suggests high efficiency of these mechanisms.
16

Natural infections of small mammals with blood parasites on the borderland of boreal and temperate forest zones

51%
Karbowiak G., Rychlik L., Nowakowski W., Wita I.
Acta Theriologica
|
2005
|
tom 50
|
nr 1
Blood parasites of small mammals living in Białowieża Forest (eastern Poland) were investigated between 1996 and 2002. The following haemoparasite species were found:Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) evotomys in bank voleClethrionomys glareolus; T. (H.) microti in root voleMicrotus oeconomus; Babesia microti in root vole;Hepatozoon erhardovae in bank vole andHepatozoon sp. in root vole. Some non-identifiedBartonella species were found in bank vole, root vole, field voleMicrotus agrestis, yellow-necked mouseApodemus flavicollis, common shrewSorex araneus, Eurasian water shrewNeomys fodiens, and Mediterranean water shrewN. anomalus. The prevalence and diversity of blood parasites were lower in shrews than small rodents. Totally, 52.0% of bank voles, 50.0% of root voles, 32.5% of common shrews, and 41.2% of Eurasian water shrews were infected with any of the blood parasites. Mixed infections were seldom observed in bank vole (17.3% of investigated individuals) and root vole (14.7%). No animals were infected with three or four parasites simultaneously. Infection of Białowieża small mammals with haemoparasites seemed to be similar to those described in other temperate forest regions rather than boreal ones. Infection rates of rodent species seem to be higher in their typical habitats: for bank vole it was the highest in mixed forest, whereas for root vole in sedge swamp. The results suggest that Arvicolidae play a greater role than Muridae or Soricidae in maintenance ofBabesia andHepatozoon foci in natural environments of central Europe.
17
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The morphology of Herpetosoma trypanosomes in small rodents in Poland

51%
Karbowiak G., Wita I., Rychlik L., Gadomska K.
Wiadomości Parazytologiczne
|
1998
|
tom 44
|
nr 3
18

Live-trapping small mammals under snow: a protocol for maximising captures and minimising mortality

45%
Rychlik L., Churchffig.,ref.ield S., Taylor J. R. E., Kardynia P., Oldakowski L.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2012
|
tom 60
|
nr 3
Difficulties in investigating shrews in the wild in winter, especially in trapping them and keeping them alive during live-trapping studies, have been the main reason for serious deficiencies in our knowledge of their ecology. We developed a live-trapping protocol which allowed us to maximise capture rates and minimise mortality of shrews. We used wooden box traps with a nest-chamber, which we set in plywood ‘chimneys’ with removable roofs. Chimneys facilitated suitable positioning of traps and protected them from being blocked by snow. This resulted in a high trappability (up to 20.2 shrews and 8.2 voles per 1000 trap hours), a large proportion of recaptures (most shrews were recaptured, often repeatedly) and a very low mortality rate (<0.09 shrews and 0 rodents per 1000 trap hours) despite sub-zero temperatures and deep snow cover. This allowed us to pursue an intensive live-trapping study, using the CMR-method, of shrews wintering in the Narewka river valley (north-east Poland). Because of the high trappability and minimal mortality, the presented protocol can be recommended to study winter ecology and conservation biology of such fragile and strictly protected small mammals as shrews.
19

The new data about zoonotic reservoir of Babesia microti in small mammals in Poland

45%
Karbowiak G., Stanko M., Rychlik L., Nowakowski W., Siuda K.
Acta Parasitologica
|
1999
|
tom 44
|
nr 2
In this article the data about new localities of Babesia microti in Poland are presented. Attention is paid to the mammalian hosts for this pathogen. Seven species of rodents (Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis, M. oeconomus, M. arvalis, Apodemus flavicollis, A. agrarias, Mus musculus) and 4 species of shrews (Sorex araneus, S. minutas, Neomys fodiens, N. anomalas) were investigated in 3 localities - Białowieża, Mazury Lakeland and Katowice. The results show the competence of M. agrestis and M. oeconomus as zoonotic reservoir of B. microti in south and north Poland.
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