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It is particularly difficult to control a biotechnological process because of significant sensitivity of living organisms cultured in bioreactors to process parameters and environmental conditions. Varying conditions of the process are also significant (a change in the chemical composition of the substrate or a change in the mass exchange conditions resulting from the modification of rheological parameters). The industrial biomass cultivation processes require the optimal biomass growth rate. In order to ensure it, it is necessary to analyze input variables, find the most representative output variables, and design an adequate automated control strategy, which should be tailored to a given bioprocess. The article analyzes selected automated control systems in fed-batch biomass cultivation bioprocesses presented in reference publications concerning bioprocess control. Open-loop and closed-loop control systems were taken Into consideration. The research showed that open-loop control systems could not respond to process disturbances such as unexpected variations in input variables. Therefore, the authors analyzed closed-loop control systems in more detail, especially the feedback control systems with proportional-integral (PI) control action, which were used to stabilize the specific growth rate at a desired level. The authors presented equations which enable the online estimation of the specific growth rate on the basis of cellular metabolic heat. It has been noticed that the quality of automated control of bioprocesses can be further improved through improvement of control systems with a feedback.
Broccoli consumption is rising worldwide and fertilization is a tool to increase its production. However, little is known about the effect of mineral supplementation to the soil on the bioactive compounds. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to analyze the content of vitamin C, total phenolic compounds and the antioxidant capacity of broccoli florets cultivated under different nitrogen (N) conditions in combination with selenium (IV and VI). Greenhouse experiments were conducted in broccoli grown in commercial soil treated with different N sources [(NH4 )2 SO4 , NaNO3 , NH4 NO3 or CO(NH2 )2 at 160 kg N/ha]. In addition, selenium (Se) salts [Na2 SeO3 (Se IV) or Na2 SeO4 (Se VI) at 10 and 20 kg Se/ha] were applied. There were no evidences of the influence of N treatment on vitamin C content whilst Se (IV or VI) uptake led to a signifi cant reduction of this vitamin in broccoli florets, irrespective of the N source. In contrast, total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity underwent a signifi cant increment under N application. However, their combination with Se salts modified total phenolic content and antioxidant capacities in broccoli florets depending on N source and Se doses. Among all the experimental trials, application of NH4 NO3 combined with 10 g Se (IV)/ha was the elective treatment strategy to produce broccoli florets with higher content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity and, therefore, enhanced functionality.
The objective of our studies were seeds of two lupin species Lupinus luteus L. and Lupinus angustifolius L. cvs. Lord and Graf respectively. Lupin seeds were germinated at 15 and 24°C and during two, three and four days. In the lupin sprouts antinutritional factors: alkaloids and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and five nitrogen fractions: non protein (Nnp), albumin (A), globulin (G), glutelin and prolamin (Gt+P) and nitrogen residue fraction (Nr) were determined. The level of these compounds was compared with the proper ones of initial material (not germinated seeds). These studies showed that the germination process clearly affects the decrease of antinutritional factors: RFOs and alkaloids. The decrease level of these compounds depended on such factors like, lupin species and used germination conditions. It was found on the base of nitrogen analysis of particular protein fractions that the germination process of lupin seeds causes deep quantitative and qualitative changes in fractional composition of lupin proteins. It especially concerns the decrease of globulin and residual fraction content and distinct increase of Nnp fraction. The changes in other fractions were not so unequivocal in comparison with the mentioned above and depended on lupin species, temperature and time of germination. Qualitative changes of A, G and Gt+P fractions caused by germination were confirmed by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The amino acid analysis of seeds and sprouts of Nnp fractions showed an increased content of Asp, Ser, Ala, Pronon essential amino acids (NEAA), and Val, Met, iLeu, Leu, Thressential amino acids (EAA). Simultaneously a decrease of Glu, Arg (NEAA), Phe, Lis, Cys (EAA) contents was observed. Generally the germination process causes the decrease of total NEAA and an increase of total EAA in Nnp fractions of both lupin species.
Two trials were conducted. The aim of the first trial, performed under field conditions, was the comparison of the rearing performance between the chickens injected in ovo with 1.9 mg of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) (experimental group E), and chickens administered with the antibiotics (control group C). Environmental and feed conditions were similar for both groups. The mortality, feed intake, and slaughter body weight were recorded from farm documentation. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European production efficiency factor (EPEF) were calculated. The aim of the second trial, performed under laboratory condition, was to determine the prebiotic effect of different doses of RFOs (0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, or 5.0%) on the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro. Prebiotic effect of RFOs administered with a single in ovo injection had a similar effect on broiler performance (survivability, growing period, and EPEF), to antibiotics given as growth promoters. Body weight and FCR was significantly higher in the group E in comparison to the group C. The prebiotic in vitro effect of RFOs was evident. The obtained data suggest that at least in the case of Bifidobacterium bifidum, RFOs could show the dose-dependent effects on the bacteria number. This work opens the opportunity of using, in technical scale, in ovo technology to deliver other bioactives to stimulate the prebiotic effect.
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