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Apoptosis is a genetically programmed phenomenon that aids in maintaining homeostasis in multicellular organisms. The characteristic morphological features of apoptosis are highly conservative and are dependent on the cell type and the apoptotic inducer. The nuclear events occurring during apoptosis include changes at the molecular level (i.e. DNA cleavage, modifications of nuclear polypeptides, and proteolysis of several proteins important for cell maintenance), and, consequently, alterations at the morphological level (i.e. chromatin condensation, nuclear shrinkage, DNA fragmentation and apoptotic body formation). These events are still not fully understood. It is very probable that a progressive decrease in pH could also be an essential factor for the induction of nuclease and protease activities, and an important element of the optimal conditions for their function. This review details the current state of knowledge on apoptotic nuclear events, with particular focus on the proteins involved in the execution of apoptosis in cell nuclei, and on the differences in substrate cleavage profiles for different types of cell undergoing celi death.
Studies on food preference of two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae were carried out on 21 annual weed species in cereals. Feeding of females of two‐spotted spider mite placed on leaf disk of selected annual weed species lasted the longest on Erigeron cannadensis, Galeopsis tetrahit, Capsella bursa‐pastoris, Lamium purpureum and Malva pusilla. Meanwhile, phase of initial feeding of two‐spotted spider mite was the shortest. Time spent on searching for food varied and the longest was recorded on Chenopodium album, Senecio viscosus while the shortest on E. canadensis, G. tetrahit, C. bursa‐pastoris, L. purpureum and M. pusilla. However, if females of two‐spotted spider mite had a choice of 21 annual weed species, then they preferred most Viola arvensis, Lamium purpureum, Erigeron canadensis, Sisymbrium Loeselii, Echium vulgare, but least Papaver rhoeas, Myosotis arvensis.
Studies on food preference of Schizotetranychus schizopus Zacher were carried out on 11 willow species grown in Poland. Feeding of females of S. schizopus placed on leaf disk of selected willow species lasted the longest on S. fragilis and S. triandra. Meanwhile, phase of initial feeding of S. schizopus was the shortest. Time spent on searching for food varied and the longest one was on S. aurita, S. cinerea and S. caprea, while the shortest on S. fragilis and S. triandra. However, if females of S. schizopus had for a choice 11 willow species, then they most preferred the species S. fragilis, S. rosmarinifolia, S. triandra, S. alba, S. pentandra and S. purpura, and the species least S. aurita, S. cinerea and S. caprea the least.
Studies on food preference of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch were carried out on 21 perennial weed species in cereals. Feeding of females of two-spotted spider mite placed on leaf disk of selected weed species lasted the longest on Ranunculus regens and Amoracia lapathifolia. Meanwhile, phase of initial feeding of two-spotted spider mite was the shortest. Time spent on searching for food varied, and the longest one was on Helichrysum arenarium, Agrimonia euparoria and Saponaria officinalis, while the shortest on R. regens and A. lapathifolia. However, if females of two-spotted spider mite had for choice 21 perennial weed species, then they preferred most Convolvulus arvensis, Urtica dioica and Ballota nigra, but least H. arenarium, Artemisia absinthium, Artemisia vulgaris, Medicago palcata and Taraxacum officinale.
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