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The impact of transient wind events on an established zooplankton community was observed during a field survey in a coastal region off northern Norway in May 2002. A transient wind event induced a coastal jet/filament intrusion of warm, saline water into our survey area where a semi-permanent eddy was present. There was an abrupt change in zooplankton community structure within 4–7 days of the wind event, with a change in the size structure, an increase in lower size classes less than 1 mm in equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) and a decrease in larger size classes greater than 1.5 mm in ESD. The slope of zooplankton biovolume spectra changed from −0.6 to −0.8, consistent with the size shifting towards smaller size classes. This study shows that even well established zooplankton communities are susceptible to restructuring during transient wind events, and in particular when wind forcing induces horizontal currents or filaments.
In this study we used the cuttings of Populus przewalskii Maximowicz as experimental material and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as nitric oxide (NO) donor to determine the physiological and biochemical responses to drought stress and the effect of NO on drought tolerance in woody plants. The results indicated that drought stress not only significantly decreased biomass production, but also significantly increased hydrogen peroxide content and caused oxidative stress to lipids and proteins assessed by the increase in malondialdehyde and total carbonyl contents, respectively. The cuttings of P. przewalskii accumulated many amino acids for osmotic adjustment to lower water potential, and activated the antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase to maintain the balance of generation and quenching of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, exogenous SNP application significantly heightened the growth performance of P. przewalskii cuttings under drought treatment by promotion of proline accumulation and activation of antioxidant enzyme activities, while under well-watered treatment the effect of SNP application was very little.
An experimental system consisting of a dual chamber microbial fuel cell was constructed using simulated molasses wastewater as the inoculum and anode substrate, carbon cloth or carbon felt as the cathode base, and MnO2 as the oxygen reduction catalyst for cathode. By testing and analyzing the output voltage, power density, and COD removal rate of the microbial fuel cell, the effects of the MnO2-modified cathode on power generation and wastewater treatment of microbial fuel cells were studied. The steady output power density of the microbial fuel cell with carbon cloth cathode were 6.8 and 10.33 mW/m2, respectively, before and after modification by MnO2, that is, the power density of the microbial fuel cell with MnO2-modified carbon cloth was increased by 51.91% more than that of unmodified carbon cloth. The stable output power density of the microbial fuel cells with carbon felt were 3.6 and 31.37 mW/m2, respectively, before and after modification by MnO2, that is, the power density of the microbial fuel cell with MnO2-modified carbon felt was increased by 771.4% more than that of unmodified carbon felt. The results show that the electricity generation capacity and the wastewater treatment effect of the microbial fuel cell using molasses wastewater as the anode substrate can be improved significantly by using inexpensive MnO2 as the cathode modifier.
Rapid economic development has brought great pressure to China. Carbon tax could be an ideal economic tool to cope with the environmental pressure. The implementation of carbon tax will exert an influence on the national and sectoral economies as well as reduction. However, few researchers have focused on the carbon tax effect at the sectoral level. Based on SAM 2012, this study develops an ECGE model consisting of the environment module. Then the macro and structural effects of carbon tax are simulated at tax rates of 10-100 yuan/t CO2 in China. Simulation results show that compared with the baseline: 1) Carbon tax has a mild strike on the GDP of China and is effective at reducing emissions. Furthermore, we found that a carbon tax rate of 70 yuan/t CO2 may be an appropriate rate to achieve the Chinese reduction target of carbon intensity in the year 2020. 2) Carbon tax induces an output shrinkage in energy or high-energy-consuming industries by 0.95-7.65%, while there is a slight increase in low-energy-consuming industries. The mining and washing of coal industry (coal) experiences the largest decrease in CO2 emissions and the light industry (lindus) experiences the sharpest decline in carbon intensity.
For the study of the effect of 2D and 3D mathematical model in salinity simulation, with Liuheng island strong brine discharge of seawater desalination project as an example, using 2D and 3D salinity mathematical models of Liuheng island to simulate coastal hydrodynamic environment and salinity distribution before and after the concentrated brine discharge, and analyzed the results. Finally got the applicable scope of the two models, it has an important significance in the study of similar problems
A detailed understanding of habitat associations of threatened species is essential for the development of sound conservation and habitat management plans. The globally endangered Sichuan Partridge is endemic to montane southwestern China, where it inhabits subtropical broadleaf forest. Its use of various habitats within the forest is poorly known. Habitat use by Sichuan Partridges in Laojunshan Nature Reserve, Sichuan, was studied during the breeding season (April-October). Habitat characteristics at feeding places were compared with randomly selected sites. Auditory detection was used during transect surveys of calling males to locate birds and their feeding scrape sites. Partridges were recorded in primary and secondary broadleaf forest, but not in coniferous plantations or farmland and settlements. Birds occurred between 1400 and 1800 m a. s. 1., typically on the ground with a gentle slope of between five and 15 degrees, close to paths and water sources. The habitats used by Sichuan Partridges differed from the random sites in that they had a denser shrub layer, greater tree cover, thicker deciduous leaf depth and lower abundance of bamboo. Principal Components Analysis identified factors interpretable as concealment, topography and leaf litter depth as key axes of variation in Sichuan Partridge habitats. We suggest that habitat management plans incorporating this new information can now focus more effectively on identifying, protecting and restoring those sites within protected areas that are most suitable for the Sichuan Partridge.
In this paper, we assess the effect of ecological construction in China during 2008 to 2014. The effect of ecological construction is divided into green economy, green society, and green environment. A network data envelopment analysis (DEA) is employed to measure the total level of ecological construction in China and each region. According to the results, we find that the total level of ecological construction of China is still low. At the same time, there are also significant differences between regions. The regions with a developed economy have better performance on ecological construction. We also find that environmental protection is still the weak link of ecological construction in various regions. Hence, local governments still need to develop a green economy and increase investment on environmental protection in the future – especially on pollution control facilities.
Southern corn rust (SCR) epiphytotics have resulted in severe losses of maize yield. Whole-genome gene expression profiles of a SCR-resistant maize hybrid leaves after inoculation with Puccinia polysora Underw. were analyzed using an Affymetrix GeneChip. Of the 532 differentially expressed probe sets, 341 were up-regulated and 191 were down-regulated after inoculation with P. polysora Underw. Many biotic stress response-related genes were upregulated, whereas abiotic stress-related genes were downregulated. Among 23 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs), six WRKY TFs were all up-regulated. A number of genes that were defense-related and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism-related genes were significantly induced by inoculation with P. polysora Underw. Thus, WRKY TFs could participate in the SCR resistance reaction and the mechanism of maize resistance to P. polysora Underw. could principally involve the temporary induction of defense- and ROS metabolism-related genes.
Taking small-scale areas as research units, this paper empirically explores the dynamic relationship between economic development and carbon emissions from 1995 to 2013 in China’s low-carbon pilot provinces. This subject has been neglected in the literature. We first apply decoupling theory to analyse the decoupling of economic development and carbon emissions. We then apply a STIRPAT model and ridge regression to deconstruct the mechanism whereby economic development influences carbon emissions in China’s low-carbon provinces. Empirical results show a positive linear correlation between economic development and carbon emissions in the examined provinces. We find that population size and industrial structure most prominently affect carbon emissions; however, per capita wealth, technological progress, and policy factors do not show the expected significance. Our results allow policymakers to formulate lowcarbon policies on the basis of empirically verified situations in the examined regions. They suggest that restricting population growth and transforming industrial structures are the keys to reducing China’s carbon emissions.
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