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Gromysz H., Karczewski W. A., Kukwa A., Jernajczyk U.: Breuer-Hering reflexes in ketamine-induced apneustic breathing in the rabbit. Acta Physiol. Pol. The effects of ketamine on the activities of the mylohyoid nerve (a branch of the Vth nerve) and of both phrenic nerves were investigated in rabbits anaesthetized with halothane, paralyzed and artificially ventilated. Intravenous administration of ketamine elicited a marked prolongation of the phrenic inspiratory discharge [without] not significantly affecting its amplitude) and a depression of the mylohyoid expiratory activity. An elimination of the volume-related input from the lungs (“no inflation manoeuvre” or deflation) elicited under these conditions typical apneustic pattern of breathing. The response to tracheal occlusion at peak-inspiration was “classical”. We conclude that ketamine inhibits the Vth nerve motor nucleus which is not only an important component of the central inspiratory-inhibitory neurones but also a “relay station” between the vagal and the central inspiratory “off-switch” mechanisms.
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Studies on the mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea

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Kukwa, A., Gromysz, H., Jernajczyk, U. and Karczewski, W. A.: Studies on the mechanism of obstructive sleep apnea. Acta physiol, pol., 1989, 40(5-6): 473-478. Several observations indicate that the mylohyoid nerve (NV) may play a crucial part in the mechanisms of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The activity of this nerve normally counteracts the collapse of the upper airways during inspiration. Any reduction in this activity may thus facilitate the occurrence of apnoeic spells. We have studied the effects of ethanol and lung inflations on the activity of NV recorded along with the activities of phrenic and facial nerve in rabbits anaesthetised with chloralose-urethan, paralyzed with curare and artificially ventilated. Under the control conditions the NV exhibited phasic expiratory activity; after vagotomy and additional, inspiratory component was observed. Lung inflation strongly enhanced the expiratory activity of NV whereas both the phrenic and facial nerve activities (both phasic-inspiratory) were typically inhibited. An injection of 5 ml of 20% ethanol very strongly inhibited the NV activity. The results may confirm the importance of NV in the mechanism of OSA. The well-known fact that OSA patients are particularly sensitive to alcohol finds support in the response of NV activity to ethanol injection. The analysis of the patterns of discharges of the three outputs from the respiratory controller may additionally suggest that the Vth nerve nucleus is involved in the control of respiratory pattern.
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