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The red wiggler earthworm, Eisenia fetida (Sav.), is a model species for research on the harmfulness of various chemicals for saprophagous invertebrates, on account of its rapid reproduction rate in comparison to other wild-living species and the most uniform genetic background. They are used in a variety of toxicological tests, legally normalised by EU Directives and the OECD. Earthworms have become one of basic subjects of ecotoxicological research evaluating changes in the environment, with special attention paid to various plant protection products and to heavy metals. This is because of their anatomical structure and how they take in food (most eat soil). E. fetida can be used as a bioindicator (in research on populations or reproduction) or as a biomarker at the cellular level or in individual organs.
The effectiveness of bacteria of the genera Sphingomonas and Bacillus, and yeasts of the genera Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, and Saccharomyces as biological control agents against pathogens colonizing winter wheat, was tested in laboratory conditions. All of the tested yeast isolates had an inhibitory effect on the development of F. sporotrichioides colonies. Under the same conditions, the Sphingomonas S 11 isolate was antagonistic against F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. tricinctum, and F. graminearum. The seedlings of winter wheat cv. Sumai treated with a suspension of Sphingomonas S 11 bacteria and inoculated with F. culmorum demonstrated significantly fewer infection symptoms than unprotected seedlings that were inoculated with the above-mentioned pathogen.
W latach 2009-2011 w warunkach polowych analizowano liczebność zbiorowisk epifitycznych i endofitycznych bakterii z grupy pseudomonad oraz Azotobacter spp. oraz grzybów drożdżoidalnych i strzępkowych zasiedlających liście pszenicy ozimej odmiany Bogatka. Populacje endofitycznych drobnoustrojów uzyskane z liści pszenicy ozimej były liczniejsze niż epifity. Liczebność mikroorganizmów epifitycznych podlegała silnym fluktuacjom w zależności od terminu pobierania prób. Odnotowano bardzo silną ujemną korelację między liczebnością analizowanych epifitycznych bakterii a zdrowotnością dolnych liści oraz silną dodatnią korelację między liczebnością epifitycznych grzybów strzępkowych a porażeniem dolnych liści patogenami rodzaju Septoria.
Winter wheat cv. Zyta was grown in organic and integrated farming systems as part of a field experiment conducted in north-eastern Poland in 2008-2010. The aim of the study was the assessment of the effect of different farming systems and various protective treatments on plant health status. The severity of infections caused by Septoria spp., Blumeria graminis and Puccinia recondite, affecting the leaves of winter wheat plants, was determined mainly by weather conditions and the applied cultivation system. 2009 was a rainy year which supported the development of Septoria diseases, whereas the dry year 2010 was favourable for the growth of powdery mildew of grasses and cereals. The leaves of winter wheat plants grown in the organic farming system were more often infected with brown rust, whereas plants grown in two variants of the integrated farming system were more likely to be affected by Septoria diseases and powdery mildew. The severity of stem-base diseases varied depending on the year of the study and the applied forecrop. The highest infection rates were reported when winter wheat was grown as a forecrop. The rainy year 2009 stimulated the development of stem-base diseases. The positive effect of EM biopreparation on the health status of winter wheat was observed only in the organic farming system.
In 2010–2011 a field plot experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tebuconazole and thiophanate-methyl in reducing the severity of Fusarium ear blight on winter wheat. The effect of fungicides on changes in the community structure of filamentous fungi colonizing wheat grain was also analyzed. Reduction in the linear growth of Fusarium culmorum was estimated under in vitro conditions. In the second year of the studies, as a Fusarium ear blight occurred at epidemic level, the disease was effectively controlled with tebuconazole and thiophanate-methyl. In 2010, less abundant communities of Fusarium fungi were isolated from the grain of wheat plants protected with tebuconazole and thiophanate-methyl, as compared with the control treatment. Tebuconazole inhibited the growth of the epiphytic species F. culmorum, whereas thiophanate-methyl exerted an inhibitory effect on F. poae. Under in vitro conditions, the linear growth of F. culmorum colonies was inhibited by tebuconazole.
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