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The old and new RNA world

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Among the numerous hypotheses offering a scenario for the origin of life on Earth, the one called “The RNA World” has gained the most attention. According to this hypothesis RNA acted as a genetic information storage material, as a catalyst of all metabolic reactions, and as a regulator of all processes in the primordial world. Various experiments show that RNA molecules could have been synthesized abiotically, with the potential to mediate a whole repertoire of metabolic reactions. Ribozymes carrying out aminoacyl-tRNA reactions have been found in SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) approaches and the development of a ribosome from a RNA-built protoribosome is easy to imagine. Transfer RNA aminoacylation, protoribosome origin, and the availability of amino acids on early Earth allowed the genetic code to evolve. Encoded proteins most likely stabilized RNA molecules and were able to create channels across membranes. In the modern cell, DNA replaced RNA as the main depositor of genetic information and proteins carry out almost all metabolic reactions. However, RNA is still playing versatile, crucial roles in the cell. Apart from its classical functions in the cell, a huge small RNA world is controlling gene expression, chromatin condensation, response to environmental cues, and protecting the cell against the invasion of various nucleic acids forms. Long non-coding RNAs act as crucial gene expression regulators. Riboswitches act at the level of transcription, splicing or translation and mediate feedback regulation on biosynthesis and transport of the ligand they sense. Alternative splicing generates genetic variability and increases the protein repertoire in response to developmental or environmental changes. All these regulatory functions are essential in shaping cell plasticity in the changing milieu. Recent discoveries of new, unexpected and important functions of RNA molecules support the hypothesis that we live in a New RNA World.
Two wheat pre-tRNAsTyr containing introns and flanks are ac­curately and efficiently spliced in homologous wheat germ S23 extract. The initiation and termination sites upon in vitro transcription in HeLu cell extract have been estimated for both pre-tRNAs.
Three new human nuclear tRNA(Leu) genes have been isolated and sequenced using the PCR technique. Two of them represent genes containing a CAA anticodon and both contain introns of 22 nucleotides in length but differing in sequence. Intron-containing prolongated anticodon stems can be folded into a secondary structure similar to that of yeast pre-tRNA(Leu). The evolutionary conserved secondary structure suggests the same role of intron sequences in the human and yeast pre-tRNA(Leu) maturation pathway.
Twelve different polyamines from three functional groups have been tested for their influence on polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Using crude total DNA from the liverwort Pellia borealis we have found that tri- and tetra mines can strongly improve the efficiency of PCR.
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