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Studies on the feeding deterrent activity of some natural, cyclic terpenes (myrcene, (+)-3-carene, (+)-limonene, (±)-camphene), synthetic alkenes (2-methyl-1-pentene, 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene, 1-methylcyclohexene, 1-tetradecene) and their derivatives α-methylenelactones in choice and no-choice tests against Colorado potato beetle with potato, Solanum tuberosum L. leaf discs as consuming food were carried out. Deterrent indexes determined in the tests show that the strongest antifeedant to larvae and adults of Leptinotarsa decemlineata was α-methylenelactone obtained from 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene. The structure modification of (+)-3-carene and (±)-camphene via introduction of α-methylenelactone moiety increased their deterrent activity, especially against larvae. Other starting alkenes and α-methylenelactones obtained from them were weak deterrents to both developmental stages of L. decemlineata.
The feeding deterrent activity of 1% alcohol solutions of farnesol and its synthetic derivatives against larvae L3 and adults of Leptinotarsa decemleneata Say was studied. In laboratory bioassays 24 h choice and no-choice tests at 24°C under a 16L:8D photoperiod were used. Among compounds tested farnesol and trans-3,7,11-trimethyl-3-vinyldodeca-6,10-dienoic acid were good antifeedants against adults. A strong antifeedant effect against larvae showed farnesol, its acid derivatives and unsaturated γ-lactone. These compounds had an inhibitory effect on the growth and development of L. decemlineata larvae. Especially strong effect on the feeding, growth and mortality of larvae showed farnesol.
Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone that shows insecticidal activity against insects and ticks. The deterrent activity of (+)- nootkatone (1) and six products of its biotransformation: (+)-9α-hydroxynootkatone (2), (+)-13-hydroxynootkatone (3), (+)-11,12- epoxy-9α-hydroxynootkatone (4), (+)-11,12-epoxynootkatone (5), (+) 11,12-dihydroxynootkatone (6), (+)-7,11,12-trihydroxynootkatone (7) to the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) was investigated in the current study. The deterrent activity of compounds studied (1−7) was evaluated using an infesting bioassay, in which the aphids were offered a choice between treated (with tested compound) and control leaves. If aphids settled mainly on the control leaves (p < 0.05; Student’s t-test), the tested compound in the respective choice test was stated as a deterrent. The most active compounds are (+)-nootkatone (1) and three products its biotransformation: 11,12-dihydroxynootkatone (6), (+)-7,11,12-trihydroxynootkatone (7), (+)-9α-hydroxynootkatone (2). The deterrent effect of these compounds was relatively strong and stable. It was observed for at least 24 hours after treatment, i.e., until the end of experiment.
The behavioural effect of trans,trans-farnesol and its structural derivatives on M. persicae was evaluated. The incorporation of carboxy group into the molecule did not alter the strong deterrent activity of farnesol. The lactonization and the epoxidation of farnesol caused the delay in expression and the loss of deterrent activity, respectively. The ester, product of Claissen rearrangement of farnesol and iodolactone did not exhibit significant biological effect.
The feeding deterrent activity of alkyl-substituted y- and S-lactones, including a group of lactones obtained from linalool against peach potato aphid (Myzus persicae [Sulz.]) and Colorado potato beetle (CPB) (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say), was investigated. The deterrent activity was species-specific and developmental-stage-specific (CPB). The strongest antifeedants for L. decemlineata larvae and adults were linalool-derived unsaturated lactones (Z) 5-(1.5-Dimethyl-hex-4-enyldiene)-dihydro-furan-2-one and (E) 5-(1.5-Dimethyl-hex-4-enyldiene)-dihydro-furan-2-one, and for CPB larvae - saturated lactone with three alkyl substituents, the 4-Isobutyl-5-isopropyl-5-methyl-dihydro-furan-2-one. The settling of M. persicae on plants was strongly deterred by iodolactones: 5-(1-Iodo-ethyl)-4.4-dimethyl-dihydro-furan-2-one, 5- Iodo-4A6-trimethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-one, 5-Iodomethyl-4-isobutyl-5-isopropyl-dihydro-furan-2-one, and the saturated lactones: 4.4.6-Trimethyl-tetrahydro-pyran-2-one and 4-Isobutyl-5-isopropyl-5-methyl- dihydro-furan-2-one. None of the tested lactones deterred aphid probing, but the probes were significantly shorter as compared to the control. The reduction in probing time may decrease the ability to transmit virus diseases by aphids.
The behaviour of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) was studied during settling on plants. The experiment involved observing peach potato aphid activity after the application of some natural and synthetic cyclohexanones and the, respective ε-lactones and epoxy-ε-lactones which were obtained from the cyclohexanones. Stereochemistry, and the number and position of methyl substituents were important for the biological activity of the starting compounds: only trimethyl-substituted cyclohexanones were active, i.e. 3.3.5-trimethylcyclohexanone (deterrent) and 2.2.6-trimethylcyclohexanone (attractant). The effect of oxygen incorporation into the cyclohexanone ring on deterrent activity varied depending on the starting compound. The ε-lactones that derived from saturated cyclohexanones were either weak attractants or were inactive, except the deterrent ε-lactone with three methyl groups at positions 3.7.7. None of the products of unsaturated ketone isophorone (weak deterrent) oxidation, i.e. epoxy isophorone, epoxy lactone, or unsaturated lactone, affected aphid settling. Of the two epoxy ketones obtained from (+)-dihydrocarvone that was inactive, only (2S, 5S)-2-methyl-5-((S)-1-methyloxiranyl)-cyclohexanone was a strong deterrent. Both epoxy-ε-lactones that derived from (+)-dihydrocarvone were strong deterrents.
The effect of some terpenoid lactones (monocyclic δ-hydroxy-γ-lactone; bicyclic δ-hydroxy-γ-spirolactone and bicyclic δ-hydroxy-γ-lactone) and azadirachtin on feeding and growth of Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say larvae was studied. Among lactones bicyclic δ-hydroxy-γ-spirolactone showed a strong feeding deterrency. Larvae treated with this compound consumed 0.163 cm² (per larva) of potato leaves during 6 days, whereas control larvae ate 0.892 cm². When lactones were used, a slight increase in body weight was observed. Azadirachtin, in comparison with lactones, much stronger reduced food consumption and growth rate of insects.
The aim of the work was to study the feeding deterrent activity of precocenes, their synthetic analogues, and some related compunds to storage pests: Sitophilus granarius L., Tribolium confusum Duv., Trogoderma granarium Ev., and aphids: Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Among all tested compounds precocenes I and II exhibited the best feeding deterrent activity against all tested insects. 4-Chromanols (16, 17 and 18), alcohols 19, 20 and 3-chromanone ( 15) showed high deterrence towards the larvae of T. confusum. The best antifeedant activity towards the adults of both T. confusum and S. granarius was observed for substituted phenols with methoxy group at benzene ring. The biological tests carried out on aphids showed that the presence of methoxy group in the molecule was a crucial structural factor for the appearance of antifeedant activity against these insects.
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