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Health impact of wind farms

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Introduction and objective: Wind power is employed worldwide as an alternative source of energy. At the same time, however, the health effects of wind turbines have become a matter of discussion. The purpose of this study is a critical review of available reports providing arguments both for and against the construction of wind farms. The authors also attempt to propose recommendations in accordance with the Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) guidelines. In the case of exposure to wind farms, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is impossible. To obtain the highest-level recommendations, analysis of case-control studies or cohort studies with control groups should be performed. Preferably, it should include geostatistical analysis conducted with the use of variograms and the kriging technique. Combinations of key words were entered into the Thomson Reuters Web of KnowledgeSM and the Internet search engine Google. Short description of state of the art: The nuisance caused by wind turbines is stereotypically linked with the noise that they produce. Nevertheless, the visual aspect of wind farms, opinions about them, and sensitivity to sound seem to be of the greater importance. To date, the direct correlations between the vicinity of modern wind farms, the noise that wind turbines make, and possible consequences to health have not been described in peer reviewed articles. Health effects are more probably associated with some environmental factors leading to annoyance or frustration. All types of studies share the same conclusion: wind turbines can provoke annoyance. As with any project involving changes in the local environment, a certain level of irritation among the population can be expected. There are elected officials and government representatives who should decide what level of social annoyance is acceptable, and whether wind power advantages outweigh its potential drawbacks. The influence of wind turbines on human emotional and physical health is a relatively new field of research. Further analyses of these issues are justified, especially because none of the studies published in peer-reviewed journals so far meet the criteria for cohort or case-control studies. Summary: Due to methodology, currently available research results do not allow for higher than C-level recommendations. In the case of wind farms, the ideal types of research would be: a retrospective observation of a particular group of residents before and after the wind farm construction, case-control studies or cohort studies with control groups matched in respect of socioeconomic factors, predisposition for chronic diseases, exposure to environmental risk factors, and only one variable which would differentiate cases from controls – the distance between place of residence and a wind farm.
Introduction. Schizophrenic patients present cognitive dysfunctions which are regarded to be one of endophenotypical markers predisposing to schizophrenia. Currently, schizophrenia can be treated as a neurodegenerative and neurodeveloping disease with genetic background. Objective. Assessment of the possible positive effect of neuropsychological rehabilitation in schizophrenia, in patients presenting cognitive dysfunctions. An additional aim was to verify the hypothesis that some genetic polymorphisms can be a prognostic factor for success in neuropsychological rehabilitation. Material and methods. 41 participants and 40 control subjects were randomly selected. Both groups had the diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. Cognitive functions were checked with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test, and Stroop Test at the beginning and end of the experiment. In the research group, each patient trained with the rehabilitation programme RehaCom, whereas the control group did not receive such training. Genes COMT rs4680 and BDNF rs6265 were analysed in the genetic part of study. Results. RehaCom procedures appear to be useful in the neuropsychological rehabilitation of cognitive dysfunctions in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. The research group showed a moderate improvement in the training programmes. Analysis of parameters obtained in the neuropsychological tests showed a slight improvement in both groups. At the present time, analysis of the polymorphisms of genes cannot be treated as a prognostic factor for the success of neuropsychological rehabilitation because statistical analyses showed few dependences with little statistical significance. Conclusions. Cognitive rehabilitation produces moderate improvement in cognitive functioning.
Introduction and objective: The level of trace elements is extremely important for the maintenance of normal functioning of the human body. The risk of disturbance of their balance increases especially dynamically during the period of menopause. The objective of the study was the effect of MHT on the levels of bioelements (Mg and Zn) in blood plasma, and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the whole blood in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods: The study covered 323 women at postmenopausal age from the population of the West Pomeranian Region, in whom the levels of Mg, Zn, Pb and Cd were determined. The women were divided into two groups: study and control. The study group were 152 women who used menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). The control group were 171 women who did not use MHT, and had had their final menstrual period at least one year prior to inclusion in the study. The mean age of the women examined was 56±5. Results: Significantly higher levels of the bioelements Mg, Zn were observed in women who used MHT, compared to the control group (p<0.05). The concentration of Pb in whole blood was significantly lower in the study than the control group: 16.09±7.33 μg/l and 20.18±9.01 μg/l, respectively. An elevated level of Cd in whole blood was found in both groups of women: 0.9±1.03 μg/l and 0.8±1.1 μg/l, respectively. It was noted that women who used MHT more frequently declared the presence of climacteric symptoms (p<0.05). Conclusions: 1) Higher levels of Mg and Zn were found in blood plasma of women who used MHT. 2) The mean concentration of Cd in the blood of women in both groups was similar. 3) In women who use MHT the level of Pb in whole blood was lower, compared to the rest of the women.
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