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Environmental studies often require analyses of numerous chemical, physical and biological properties in large numbers of soil, litter and plant samples. Such analyses may be expensive and time consuming and therefore rapid and cost-effective methods may be required. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive analytical method known for rapidity, simplicity and low costs, which could be used along with classical analytical methods in order to improve efficiency of large-scale environmental research. In this review, principals of NIRS are described, examples of NIRS applications are presented and the possibilities and limitations of the method are discussed.
This study assessed the development of microbial biomass, basal respiration, and the activities of dehydrogenase, urease, and acid Phosphomonoesterase in sandy mine soils reclaimed for forestry and those developing under vegetation from natural succession. The mine soils contained significantly less organic C (Corg) and total N (Nt) than the natural forest soils. However, in some of them the microbial biomass and basal respiration attained values typical for the natural forest soils. The content of Nt proved to be the most important control on the microbial biomass, basal respiration, and the activities of dehydrogenase and Phosphomonoesterase in the mine soils. All the microbial properties were positively related also to Corg content. The activities of dehydrogenase and urease depended strongly on microbial biomass (Cmic). Hence, high activities of these enzymes were determined in soils containing high Cmic. The acid Phosphomonoesterase activity was also positively related to Cmic, but its activity was increased in the soils with low P contents.
The objective of this study was to compare chemical and microbial properties of sandy mine soils under young Scots pine, silver birch, and mixed pine-birch forest stands. The measured properties included the contents of organic C (Corg) and total N (Nt), the Corg-to-Nt ratio, pH, microbial biomass, basal respiration, and activities of dehydrogenase, acid phosphomonoesterase, and urease. Community level physiological profiles (CLPPs) of soil bacteria were determined with BiologR test and genetic profiles with the DGGE method. Scots pine and silver birch did not affect the Corg and Nt contents in the studied mine soils. The soil under birch contained larger and more active microbial biomass than the soil under pine. Under the mixed stand, most of the microbial properties were intermediate between the pine and the birch stand. The DGGE profiling indicated different composition of soil bacteria under the birch stand compared to the other stands. Differences in CLPPs were less pronounced, probably due to functional redundancy of soil bacteria.
The aim of the study was to compare the feeding activity of soil fauna in seven temperate forests with the application of the bait-lamina method. Seven types of temperate forests located throughout Poland (East-Central Europe) were tested, ranging from dry pine forest with a typical poor quality soil to eutrophic riparian fresh deciduous forest. Each forest type was represented by five stands and all stands altogether represented natural gradient of soil fertility, texture and vegetation diversity. Despite clear diversification between the studied forest types according to a range of soil physicochemical properties and vegetation characteristics in addition to applying recommended measurement conditions for the method, we determined that the feeding activity of soil fauna did not differ between forest types. The activity of soil fauna did not depend on site botanical characteristics or any soil physical or chemical features, indicating that the bait lamina method was useless in measuring the feeding activity of soil fauna in temperate forest soils. Differences in the feeding activity of soil fauna might result from other environmental factors that influence soil fauna feeding activity in forest stands that were not measured here, i.e., soil temperature and humidity. The differences could also be attributable to the attractiveness of the bait substrate to soil fauna, which may be different in various soil conditions.
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