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The programme of testing the progeny of permanent seed stands, parent trees, seed orchards and seedling seed orchards that has been run in Poland enables to determine the genetic value and silvicultural quality of the progeny of components of primary forest material. A better knowledge of population variability and adaptability to particular environmental conditions also allows for the updating and verification of principles regarding the use of the seed base in testing regions, as well as the determination of possibility for forest reproductive material to be transferred. The article presents the research on assessment of survival and growth among progeny from 26 permanent seed stands of silver fir that originates from Lublin, Radom and Łódź Regional Directorates of the State Forests, at four testing grounds located in the Kielce, Suchedniów, Tomaszów and Zwierzyniec forest districts. Each research plot was founded with 4 replicates, each with 3−year−old saplings. After 5 years of growth, mean rates of survival ranged from 70.4% at the Kielce site to 92.7% in Tomaszów. The lowest survival rate (30.5%) was noted for local origin (Starachowice), while the highest (93.8%) characterised the local standard from Zwierzyniec. Mean height varied from 54.1 cm in the case of the Suchedniów to 80.0 cm in the case of Tomaszów, albeit with the shortest firs originating from the Starachowice local standard and the tallest from the Tomaszów local standard. Analysis of variance components revealed that the environmental conditions (described by study area) played major role in shaping the variability. This effect was responsible for around 75% of the variance in height and 60% of that relating to survival. In contrast, origin (genetic factor) was most likely responsible for 7% of the noted variance in height or 4% of that relating to survival.
This paper presents the genetic variability in the growth parameters and morphological traits, as well as the silvicultural quality of progeny of 23 European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) provenances from south−eastern Poland. The research was conducted on the experimental plot established in the Łosie Forest District in spring 2006. After 10 years, during the spring and autumn, we determined and measured the spring phenology and survival rate, the diameter at breast height (dbh), the tree height, and the straightness of trunk. The results obtained point out the considerable variability of analysed features, both within and between different beech populations (tab.). Highest and lowest survival rates are noted for the beeches from Lutowiska and Leżajsk (populations 451 and 461), respectively (fig. 2). Lowest mean height and dbh were achieved by beeches from Bircza (453), while the tallest and broadest trees were from the Kielce population (390) (fig. 3−4). The overall silvicultural assessment based on survival, height, dbh, spring phenological phases and straightness of the trunk revealed that the most valuable populations of beech are those originating from Kielce (390), Bircza (454), Strzyżów (459), Lesko (452), Rymanów (457) and Lutowiska (451). In turn, the analysis resulted in least favourable assessments for beeches from Bircza (453) and Gromnik (362). Thus, we confirmed also that trees of local origin are not always best−adapted to (and do not always grow best in) the place they originate from. The obtained results are highly relevant from the principles of creating the seed source regions for beech in Poland, as the proper selection of a population for the given place of growth may yield benefits for forest ecology and management.
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