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Among 544 species of helminths recorded in birds on the territory of Poland, probably some (17 species of Digenea, 21 Cestoda, 13 Nematoda and 5 Acanthocephala) do not belong to the native fauna. These are helminths obtained in mature stage from birds shortly after their arrival from wintering grounds, or from foreign populations wintering with us, or being in the course of spring or autumn migration through the area of our country. In general, these helminth species have been recorded sporadically in the examined birds.
Nowadays the developmental process of parasitism within the nematodes of animals and plants also takes place. Rhabditida group coming from the soil saprophytic forms is an example of such evolutionary process in statu nascendi. The conditions and ways towards the close relationships between two organisms, leading from the commensalism and facultative parasitism to the obligatory one have been presented.
In 39 birds, belonging to 10 species of Falconiformes and Strigiformes, 7 species of Nematoda were detected. Two species: Capillaria falconis and Thominx tenuissima appeared to be new for the Polish fauna. Capillaria falconis and Thominx contorta were found for the first time in Accipiter gentilis and Haliaetus albicilla, and Strix aluco, respectively.
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In 106 starlings (24 juvenile and 82 adult) 12 species of Nematoda were detected. Five species: Porrocaecum semiteres, Acuaria anthuris, Diplotriaena tricuspis, Thominx contorta, Thominx similis appeared to be new to the parasitofauna of Sturnus vulgaris in Poland. The extensity of the infection with nematodes of juveniles was 66,7% and adults 69,5%. All the species (except P. semiteres) were found in old birds.
Four species of Nematoda: Capillaria mergi, Contracaecum rudolphii, Paracuaria tridentata, Stegophorus stellaepolaris were detected for the first time in Poland in two red-throated divers (G. stellata). Species P. tridentata and S. stellaepolaris appeared to be new for the Polish fauna. In turn black-throated diver (G. arctica) is a new host to C. mergi.
A redescription of a nematodes Capillaria carbonis was made on the basis of specimens found for the first time in Phalacrocorax carbo in Poland in Milicz district. It has been found that: the body of male terminates with two processes with a single large papilla, in its distal part surrounded by cuticular pseudobursa formed from four cuticular lobes; spicular sheath nonspiny has a transverely-oblique striation; two lateral bacillary bands extend along whole body; number of stichocytes equals 38-42 and 42-45 in males and females respectively; vulva of gravid females appears sometimes with vulvar appendage.
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