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1

Site-specific aquifer characterization and identification of potential groundwater areas in Pakistan

100%
Farid H. U., Mahmood-Khan Z., Ali A., Mubeen M., Anjum M. N.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2017
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tom 26
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nr 1
Detailed knowledge about site-specific aquifer characteristics, subsurface lithology, and groundwater potential can help to determine the depth and location of fresh groundwater quality. The present research study was carried out by conducting 80 vertical electrical sounding surveys (VESs) in Rahim Yar Khan District (RYK), Punjab, Pakistan to distinguish the fresh groundwater aquifer from saline groundwater and to evaluate the aquifer protective capacity (APC) of overburden. 1XID software (Interpex, USA) was used to accomplish the interpretation of VES data. The VES interpreted data was used to prepare spatial distribution maps of aquifer apparent resistivity (AR), layer thickness, longitudinal conductance (LC), and transverse resistance (TR) for the second, third, and fourth subsurface layers using ArcGIS 10.1. The results showed that the greater part of the study area (65%) had four subsurface geo-electric layers. The spatial distribution maps for AR showed that the fresh groundwater quality was present on the northwestern and northeastern sides of the study area for all the layers. The results also indicated that the APC of overburden increased with the increase of depth from the ground surface. Layer 4 with thickness of 57.09 m showed good APC in the northern and central parts with LC values of >0.7 mhos. Similarly, the higher values of TR showed higher yield potential in the north-eastern part as compared to the southern part. Overall analysis indicated that the spatial distribution maps of AR, layer thickness, LC, and TR should be helpful for future groundwater development in terms of quality and quantity.
2

Snowmelt runoff modelling under projected climate change patterns in the gilgit river basin of northern Pakistan

72%
Adnan M., Nabi G., Kang S., Zhang G., Adnan R. M., Anjum M. N., Iqbal M., Ali A. F.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2017
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tom 26
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nr 2
Pakistan is home to three of the world’s largest mountain ranges in the Upper Indus Basin (UIB), where the majority of Pakistan’s water resources are located: the Himalayan, Karakorum, and Hindu-Kush. This work estimated the (snow+glacier) and rainfall runoff from one of the major tributaries, the Gilgit River, nestled within the UIB of Pakistan. The snowmelt runoff model (SRM) derived by the cryospheric data from the MODIS (moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) was employed to predict the daily discharges of the Gilgit. The SRM was successfully calibrated, and the simulation was undertaken from 2005 to 2010, with a coefficient of model efficiency ranging from 0.84-0.94. The average contributions of (snow+glacier) and rainfall to the stream flows of the Gilgit from 2001-10 were 78.35% and 21.65%, respectively, derived from the SRM. The representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR5 were used to investigate the effects of the changes in temperature on climate of the Gilgit catchment. Under the RCP 4.5 scenario, the air temperature of Gilgit will increase by 3°C, whereas the increase in precipitation will be minor. Under the RCP 8.5 scenario (overshooting scenario), air temperature will increase by 10.7°C, whereas precipitation will decrease between 2010 and the end of the 21st century in the Gilgit catchment. The application of the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 mean temperature scenarios in the SRM suggested that with increases in mean temperature of 3.02ºC and 10.7ºC, respectively, the average annual runoff in the Gilgit will increase by 67.03 and 177.5%, respectively, compared with the observed runoff by the end of the 21st century. This increased surface runoff from snow/glacier melt can potentially be utilized by planning new storage areas at appropriate locations to harness additional water.
3

Investigating hydrological responses and adaptive operation of a hydropower station under a climate change scenario

58%
Zaman M., Yuan S., Liu J., Ahmad I., Sultan M., Quamar M. U., Saifullah M., Adnan M., Anjum M. N., Nawaz M. I., Ali I.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2018
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tom 27
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nr 5
In this study we investigated the projections of climate change and its impacts on the water resources of the Xin’anjiang watershed and optimal hydropower production using future run-offs (the decades of the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s). The arc SWAT hydrological model and change factor downscaling technique were integrated to detect the run-offs and to downscale CMIP5 future climate variables, respectively. Optimal hydropower generation using future runoff was predicted by developing a mathematical model and by applying the particle swarm optimization technique within its paradigm. The results depict an increase of up to 5.9ºC in monthly mean maximum temperature, and 5.58ºC in minimum temperature until the 2080s. There will be a 63% increase in flow magnitudes more than the base year flow during the 2020s, whereas up to 70% and 31.40% increments have been observed for the 2050s and 2080s, respectively. The results revealed potential hydropower generation of 19.23*10⁸ kWh using 2020s runoff of rainy years. Similarly, 19.35*10⁸ kWh and 14.23*10⁸ kWh were estimated from the flows during the 2050s and 2080s, respectively.
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